<p>Lake Rukwa is an endorheic lake in the Rukwa Valley of southwestern Tanzania. The alkaline Lake Rukwa lies midway between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi at an elevation of about 800 m, in a parallel branch of the rift system. Almost half of the lake lies in Uwanda Game Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The lake has seen large fluctuations in its size over the years, due to varying inflow of streams. Currently it is about 180 km long and averages about 32 km wide, making it about 5,760 km&sup2; in size. In 1929 it was only about 48 km long, but in 1939 it was about 128 km long and 40 km wide. The lake may at times have been even higher and linked Lake Tanganyika with Lake Malawi; ancient shorelines suggest a final date of overflow into Tanganyika of 33,000BP.</p><br>
<h2>Helium discovery</h2><br>
<p>In 2016, an estimated 1.53 billion cubic meters (54.2 billion standard cubic feet) volume of helium gas was discovered in Lake Rukwa worth $3.5 billion.</p><br>
<p>The Shinano River, known as the Chikuma River in its upper reaches, is the longest and widest river in Japan and the third largest by basin area . It is located in northeastern Honshu, rising in the Japanese Alps and flowing generally northeast through Nagano and Niigata Prefectures before emptying into the Sea of Japan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Shinano River has a long history in Honshu, and along with other rivers in the region, has a significant affect on the geography and ecology of the area. Originally the Shinano River would have drained straight into an estuary-like Fukushima lagoon Estimates presented in 1993 place the amount of loose sediment in the river system at 400 -. The construction of diversion channels have limited the upkeep required to keep a navigable passage between the Niigata port and the open ocean; however, a consequence of diverting sediment has been that the northern coast of Niigata Prefecture (which includes Niigata and its port) is receding by an average 9 m3/m per year (measured from 1947 to 1975) due to sediment being released well-south of the river&#39;s original mouth in Niigata.</p><br>
<p>The Shinano River Project, funded by the British Academy, investigates the development of the Shinano—Chikuma River system. It has uncovered some of the earliest examples of Flame-style pottery (kaen doki), dating from the Middle Jōmon period (3500–2500 BCE), have been found at Sanka excavation site in Nagaoka, Niigata, near the confluence of the Sai and Shinano Rivers.</p><br>
<p>As with rivers across the world, the Shinano provided a valuable means of transport. The system also provided a method of transport for goods to be moved downstream to one of three ports, Nutaru, Niigata and the provincial port of Kambara. Little evidence remains which details the importance or role of these ports; however, large amounts of Medieval Chinese artefacts have been found in the region and it is the setting of the Muromachi period play, Miuri, was set in Kambara indicating its regional significance.</p><br>
<p>The confluence of the Chikuma and Sai rivers, called the Kawanakajima Plain, was the location a series of battles in the sixteenth century as part of the Sengoku period. The most significant of the battles was fought on 18 October 1561 between the Takeda clan and Uesugi clan, and resulted in severe casualties to both sides. The battles have become well known in Japanese military history, mentioned in literature, woodblock printing and movies.</p><br>
<p>The Shinano River system has a long history of hydroelectric power generation, with the first hydroelectric power plant in Japan being located in the system. The Shinano River incident involved 1,200 workers, approximately 600 of whom were Korean, who were subjected to regular mistreatment by their Japanese foremen. The mistreatment included malnutrition, forced labour up to sixteen hours a day and severe beatings for those who tried to escape. News articles at the time alleged that up to 100 Koreans were killed during construction and that local farmers had reported seeing bodies floating down river. This incident occurred following the annexation of Korea by Japan and was partially responsible for the development of trade unions for Korean workers in Japan.</p><br>
<p>Two Japanese naval cruisers, one launched in 1911 and the second in 1938, were named after the Chikuma River. A 1940s aircraft carrier was named after the old Shinano Province.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Chikuma River rises in the northeastern foothills of Mount Kobushigatake in the Japanese Alps on the border of Saitama, Yamanashi and Nagano Prefectures, partially in the Chichibu Tama Kai National Park</p><br>
<p>It joins with the Yochi River and flows roughly north to join the Yu River (36.26&deg; latitude, 138.42&deg; longitude) then turns northwest into an intermontane basin at Nagano City where it is joined by the Sai River from Matsumoto and the Hoshina River (36.625&deg; latitude, 138.25&deg; longitude). The Chikuma then changes direction and flows northeast from Nagano into Niigata Prefecture where it changes its name to the Shinano River. The Shinano continues northeast to a confluence with Uono River between Ojiya and Uonuma (37.275&deg; latitude, 138.85&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<p>After its confluence with Uono River, the Shinano is crossed by Koshiji Bridge and the Shinetsu train line before emerging onto Echigo Plains of the Niigata Prefecture at Sanjō. After entering the Echigo Plains the river becomes deltaic and swampy due to its very small gradient (an average of 1 in 4000).</p><br>
<p>The Ōkōzu Channel, completed in the 1920s, diverts flood water northwest into the Sea of Japan while the river splits into a number of branches and continuing northeast. Approximately 25 km south of its mouth, the river turns north and flows towards Niigata.</p><br>
<p>The Sekiya Diversion Channel was completed in the 1960s in response to flooding in Niigata continuing after construction of the Ōkōzu Channel. It is designed to mitigate flooding by diverting flood waters away from the city and straight into the Sea of Japan. The river turns northeast and flows through Niigata City for approximately 6 km before finally emptying into the Sea of Japan.</p><br>
<p>The river is crossed multiple times as it meanders its way through Niigata, including by the Bandai Bridge which was, when it was originally built in 1886, the longest bridge in Japan at 782 m. The current Bandai Bridge, built in 1929 and designated as a nationally important cultural property, is only 306.9 m long. This is also in stark contrast with the river&#39;s 720 m width at the Ohkouzu Diversion Channel.</p><br>
<h3>Ōkōzu Diversion Channel</h3><br>
<p>Due to seasonal high rainfall in the Shinano&#39;s watershed the fertile farmlands on the Niigata plain were subjected to flooding every three to four years which destroyed crops, particularly rice, and villages. Attempts from local residents to secure funding to build a diversion channel began in the mid-early eighteenth century, during the Kyōhō era. Government support was not secured until the early twentieth century following severe flooding and inundation in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Construction work on the 10 km Ōkōzu Channel began in 1909 and concluded in 1922. The success of the channel was short-lived, however, as the floodgate collapsed in 1927 due to erosion of the channel bed and was not fully repaired until 1931.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the diversion channel has resulted in marsh fields drying on the Niigata plain which allows for greater production. Likewise, drier land has also allowed for the construction of infrastructure such as expressways and the Shinkansen express-train network, to support a greater population in the area.</p><br>
<p>A new weir wall was constructed between 1992 and 2000 due to safety concerns with the original wall. Construction was planned to limit negative affects on scenery and wildlife. To this end, natural stones were used for the exterior and fishways were included in the design.</p><br>
<h3>Sekiya Diversion Channel</h3><br>
<p>Flooding in the Niigata area continued following the construction of the Ōkōzu Channel. As a result another channel, which was originally planned in the Edo period (1700s–1800s), was built on the western outskirts of Niigata City to further mitigate the risk of flooding and to help prevent saltwater intrusion into the Shinano estuary. The Sekiya Diversion Channel was originally to be funded by the Niigata Prefecture; however the 1964 Niigata earthquake resulted in the funds no longer being available so it was adopted as a national project.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Sekiya Diversion Channel commenced in 1968 and concluded in 1973 with a channel 1.8 km long and 240 - wide. The channel provides another alternate path for sediment to be directed straight out to sea and away from the Niigata port. The channel is crossed by the Echigo Line and the National Route 402 (excavated materials from the channel were used in the construction of Route 402).</p><br>
<h3>Major dams</h3><br>
<p>There are a number of major dams in the Shinano River system, but not on the main river itself, rather its tributaries are extensively dammed and used for electricity generation as well as water for irrigation. The major dams in the system are listed below:</p><br>
<p>The Takase Dam, on the Takase River, a tributary of the Sai River, holds 76.2e6 m&sup3; and is the tallest of its size in Japan. It is also the second tallest dam in Japan, after the Kurobe Dam.</p><br>
<p>The Nanakura Dam, which is part of the Takase Dam system, holds 32.5e6 m&sup3;.</p><br>
<p>The Ōmachi Dam is further downstream from the Nanakura Dam and holds 33.9e6 m&sup3;.</p><br>
<p>The Nagawado Dam dam is on the Azusa River, another tributary of the Sai, holds 123e6 m&sup3; and is followed downstream by a number of smaller dams including the Midono Dam and Inekoki Dam.</p><br>
<p>The Sagurigawa Dam sits on the Sankuni River which is a tributary of the Uono River. It holds 27.5e6 m&sup3; and is used for a range of purposes including storage for power generation, flood control and water for irrigation.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The 11,900 km&sup2; basin of the Shinano-Chikuma River system is the third largest in Japan and at 367 km, is the longest river in the country. The river system supports a population of around 3 million but supports significant agriculture and electricity generation. The river has 880 branches which is the second highest in Japan after the Yodo River.</p><br>
<p>The discharge of the river averages 503 m&sup3, with a mean maximum of 3,776 m&sup3; to mean minimum of 91 m&sup3;. In addition to this discharge, 30.4 m&sup3; of water is used for municipal and industrial supply across the basin.</p><br>
<p>The Chikuma River originates in the Japanese Alps at altitudes of above 2,000 m and has a basin in its own right of 7,163 km&sup2;. The Chikuma continues generally north-northeast joining with the Sai and changing name to the Shinano, after 214 km. The Chikuma, therefore, includes around sixty percent of the whole river systems basin and around 58 percent of the rivers length.</p><br>
<p>In the upper reaches of the river, where it is known as the Chikuma, only around ten percent of the land is flat, agricultural land and around 49,600 hectare of it is irrigated. By the time the river flows onto the Echigo Plain, however, much more land is devoted to agriculture and there is huge potential for irrigation, especially due to influence of the Ohkouz Channel and weir. The abundance of water and fertile soils has led to this area being the one of the best rice producing areas in Japan.</p><br>
<p>Rainfall varies considerably in the Shinano basin. In the middle part of the Chikuma River, near its confluence with the Sai River, rainfall is some of the lowest in Japan, generally staying below 1,000 mm. The low precipitation is primarily due to its encirclement by the three ranges which make up the Japanese Alps and by the Jōshin&#39;etsu-kōgen National Park. However, the upper reaches of the Chikuma and Sai Rivers and the lower part of the Chikuma River (where it changes name to the Shinano River) receive 1,200 - annually. In the central areas of the Shinano River, especially in the Uono Basin, precipitation increases to around 2,200 -; this area receives some of the highest winter snow falls in Japan with 40–50% of this precipitation falling as snow. The heavy snow melt is responsible for much of flooding to affect the Echigo, but also allows for the hydroelectricity generation and regular irrigation.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Shinano basin supports a large range of plant life, including over 1,100 species of plant which grow on the river bank, in the river bed or more broadly. The basin also supports a large range of animal life both in and around the river. However, the development of the river has threatened the continuing existence of a number of different species. Across the country, thirty to fifty (or higher) percent of endangered species are from freshwater river systems and the impact on the Shinano river system is also clear. Primarily this affects fish and amphibians due to their reliance on the river. The construction of weirs and dams to support agriculture and industry as well as the introduction of invasive species and pollution have been the main causes of ecosystem degradation. The Shinano basin provides a habitat for around twenty-five percent of Japan&#39;s fish species (around fifty-five of the 200 fish species living in Japan) including both endemic freshwater fish as well as diadromous fish.</p><br>
<p>The construction of large dams, especially in the mid and upper reaches of the system have significantly affected the ability of fish to migrate up and down the river, and into the Sea of Japan. There has also been a significant increase in the amount of fishing which takes place in the system which is associated with the introduction of invasive fish species and waterbirds into the system. The development of the river, and human settlement, has also resulted in the environmental degradation of key fish habitat. Changes in the system have affected its ability to support and maintain fish species which are endemic to the river. Some actions have been taken to overcome these issues, including prohibitions on fishing salmon during breeding and stocking certain areas for fishing, especially in areas where Tsukeba fish shacks (popup stores along the riverbank) are regularly set up.</p><br>
<p>The river system has also long been home to bird life. The negative effects of human development have not as significantly affected birds as fish due to the more limited changes to bird habitat (which includes the forests which still remain on surrounding mountains). There are more than 130 species of birds which frequent the river system, these include starlings and ducks as well as migratory birds such as cranes and ibis.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<h3>Electricity production</h3><br>
<p>The Shinano River system, particularly in its upper reaches (Chikuma River) and in the Sai basin, is used for hydroelectric power generation due to the steep gradient in its upper reaches and its high discharge producing, as a whole, 2,618 megawatts. While the construction of hydroelectric power stations began before World War II, it significantly increased following the war. These power plants, such as the Shimofanato Power Station and the 450,000 kilowatt JR East Shinano River Hydropower Station near Ojiya, supply Tokyo.</p><br>
<p>There are several hydroelectric power plants operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company in the river system. The Shin-Takasegawa Pumped Storage Station is a significant power plant located on the Takase River near Ōmachi, it boasts the second tallest dam (and the tallest rock-filled embankment) in Japan, and an output of 1280 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Japan&#39;s oldest hydroelectric power plant is located in the Shinano River system. The Miyashiro Power Plant No. 1 was opened by the Azumi Electric Power Company in 1904 and has, since then, been in continual operation, currently operated by Chubu Electric Power Company.</p><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<p>Tourism is a major industry in the Shinano River basin as there are a number of attractions in the area. The Shinano River system attracts a number of tourists from across the country for angling and to experience Tsukeba fish shacks which are set up along the river bank and bed to cook fish as they are caught.</p><br>
<p>The hot springs along the Chikuma River for example from tourists into the upper reaches of the river. The high rate of snow in the mountains surrounding both the Chikuma and Shinano Rivers make them attractive places for snow sports with a number of ski resorts scattered throughout the mountains.</p><br>
<p>In addition to these natural attractions, human involvement in the area is also responsible for making tourism a large part of the regional economy. Every year, around 6.5—7 million people visit the Zenkō-ji Buddhist template in Nagano. It is believed that visiting the template will grant salvation. This has resulted in the head temple of the Tendai sect being a significant attraction for tourists throughout its 1,400-year history.</p><br>
<p>The Mogami River is a river in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Description & History</h2><br>
<p>It is 224 km long and has a watershed of 7,040 km². It is regarded as one of the three most rapid rivers of Japan (along with the Fuji River and the Kuma River).</p><br>
<p>The river rises from southern Yamagata Prefecture and flows to the north, and turns west at Shinjō and flows into the Sea of Japan at Sakata. Water transportation once flourished on the river and carried local products such as safflowers and rice to the Kansai region.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The Mogami River appears as an utamakura in Japanese poetry, with the influential 17th-century poet Matsuo Bashō composing several hokku regarding the river during his travels alongside it.</p><br>
<p>Some were revised as haiku in the memoir of his journeys, including this well-known poem:</p><br>
<p>The character Yūko Aioi in the Nichijou manga has inner monologues in haiku form, all ending with the name of the river as a complete non sequitur.</p><br>
<p>Mogami-gawa is also the name of the anthem of Yamagata Prefecture written by Emperor Hirohito. The Japanese Navy had two different cruisers named Mogami.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Col Agnel  is a mountain pass in the Cottian Alps, west of Monte Viso between France and Italy which links the Queyras valley  with Pontechianale in the province of Cuneo, Piedmont.</p><br>
<p>At 2,744 m (9,003 ft), it is the third highest paved road pass of the Alps, after Stelvio Pass and Col de l&#39;Iseran.</p><br>
<p>Despite being the highest international pass of the Alps, Col Agnel is somewhat unknown and not heavily used. It is one of the many passes suggested as the route taken by Hannibal in his march, with elephants, to attack Rome at the start of the Second Punic War and a modern-era plaque, mounted on a rock on the French side, commemorates the event.</p><br>
<h2>Cycling</h2><br>
<p>From Château-Queyras (France), the climb is 20.5 km long at an average gradient of 6.6%. From Casteldelfino (Italy), the climb is 22.4 km long at an average gradient of 6.5%.</p><br>
<h3>Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>The Col Agnel was crossed for the first time on 20 July 2008 during stage 15 of the 2008 Tour de France.</p><br>
<p>The Col Agnel was crossed for the Second Time on 21 July 2011 during Stage 18 of The 2011 Tour de France.</p><br>
<h3>Giro d'Italia</h3><br>
<p>The Col Agnel has been crossed twice during Giro d&#39;Italia.</p><br>
<p>The Jinzū River is a river that flows from Gifu Prefecture to Toyama Prefecture in Japan. It is called Miya River  in Gifu. It is 120 km in length and has a watershed of 2,720 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river flows from Mount Kaore in Gifu and meets the Takahara River at the border between Gifu and Toyama. Then it flows straight to the north and pours into Toyama Bay and the Sea of Japan. It once meandered through the city of Toyama, but the new waterway was constructed in the west of the city to avoid floods. Toyama City Hall and other governments are located on the reclaimed land of the old river.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>The river was polluted with cadmium due to mining and caused the itai-itai disease in the downstream towns around World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The Japanese Navy cruiser was named after this river.</p><br>
<p>The Whitsunday Islands is a collection of continental islands of various sizes off the central coast of Queensland, Australia, approximately 560 mi north of Brisbane. The northernmost of the islands are situated off the coast by the town of Bowen while the southernmost islands are off the coast by Proserpine. The island group is centered on Whitsunday Island, while the group&#39;s commercial center is Hamilton Island. The traditional owners of the area are the Ngaro people and the Gia people  whose Juru Clan has the only legally recognized native title in the region.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Whitsunday Islands was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "Natural attraction".</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The term is a misnomer as it is based on Captain Cook’s date for the naming of Whitsunday Passage, or as Cook spelled it in his HMS Endeavour journal, Whitsunday’s Passage. Based on his journal date, Cook believed that the passage was discovered on Whitsunday, the Sunday of the feast of WhitsunPentecost in the Christian liturgical yearwhich is observed 7 weeks after Easter. As the International Date Line had not yet been established, the day of discovery was actually Whit Monday.</p><br>
<p>There is some contention as to exactly which islands are within the informally named Whitsunday Islands, in particular those at the southern extremity and the inclusions to the west. What is certain is that they lie within the chain named Cumberland Isles by Captain Cook (now officially the Cumberland Islands) and a reasonably defined section of that chain and surrounding waters have become known worldwide as The Whitsundays, based on a contraction of the Whitsunday Islands designation.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Whitsunday islands are a popular tourist destination for travelers to Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef with the area being one of the most popular yachting destinations in the Southern Hemisphere. The islands received about 700,000 visitors between March 2008 and March 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Ngaro Sea Trail Great Walk is a mix of seaways and short walks, crossing South Molle, Hook and Whitsunday islands. The tracks across the islands are linked by seaways suited to kayaking, sailing or powerboating. Camping is available at eight camping areas on the three islands. Several islands have large resorts, offering a wide variety of accommodation and activities. Chartering a yacht or bareboating is a popular way to explore the seaways, beaches and coves.</p><br>
<h2>Components</h2><br>
<p>There are a total of 74 islands and islets among all the groups in the Whitsundays.</p><br>
<h3>Whitsunday group</h3><br>
<p>The most notable islands in the main Whitsunday group are named Dent, Hamilton, Hayman, Hook and Whitsunday which features the white sands of Whitehaven Beach.</p><br>
<h3>Lindeman group</h3><br>
<p>The most notable island in the Lindeman group is its namesake Lindeman Island.</p><br>
<h3>Molle group</h3><br>
<p>The most notable islands in the Molle group are Daydream Island (formerly West Molle Island), Long Island and South Molle Island.</p><br>
<h3>Northern group</h3><br>
<p>Some of the islands in the Northern group are Armit, Gloucester and Saddleback.</p><br>
<h2>Table of islands</h2><br>
<p>Listed below are islands of The Whitsundays, divided by group locality. Named rocks and islets can be found listed within the entry for the nearest island to that feature.</p><br>
<p>Lake Entiat  is a reservoir between Chelan County and Douglas County in North Central Washington, USA, that is formed above Rocky Reach Dam , a hydroelectric dam on the Columbia River. The reservoir is 17 mi north of Wenatchee and stretches upstream to the Wells Dam. Lincoln Rock State Park is on its south shore.</p><br>
<h2>Turtle Rock Island</h2><br>
<p>A prominent feature in Lake Entiat is the 150-acre Turtle Rock Island, located northeast of Lincoln Rock State Park. Originally part of the mainland on the south bank of the Columbia, this rocky outcrop became an island when the lake formed. US Highway 2 formerly ran through the area that became the island, and remnants of the road may still be seen in aerial photos. The island is now a nature preserve and fish hatchery, with access only by boat.</p><br>
<p>Pictou Island is a Canadian island located in the Northumberland Strait approximately 4 NM north of Nova Scotia and 10 NM south of Prince Edward Island. Measuring 9.5 km in length and 2.5 km in width, the total area is 23.75 sq. km. The island is administratively part of Pictou County. The island&#39;s highest elevation is 24 meters  above sea level. The island&#39;s current full-time residents population  stands at 19.</p><br>
<p>The island is heavily wooded with several clearings on the more sheltered south side. There is a small year-round population spread throughout the island of which the majority make their living by fishing. The island has a public wharf located at the west end and a breakwater for mooring at the east end. There is also a community centre, church, fire department and several lighthouses located on the island.</p><br>
<p>Pictou Island receives no electrical power from the mainland. The residents supply their own energy with solar power, windmills and generators. There are no stores of any kind on the island but residents can email or phone a grocery order into Sobeys (a national grocery chain) and the order will arrive by ferry or plane depending on the time of year.</p><br>
<p>There is a one-room public school, facilitated at the Pictou Island Community Centre, with a single part-time teacher for students up to grade 6, after which students begin correspondence studies. Generally island students enroll in schools on the mainland of Nova Scotia once they begin grade 11, as many post-secondary programs do not accept a correspondence studies diploma.</p><br>
<p>The Community Centre is also home to a provincially sponsored CAP Site (see which provides internet access to the public. Most island residents have access in their homes, through dial-up, and some are hoping for high-speed soon.</p><br>
<p>A seasonal passenger-only ferry service begins operation in May and stops in November; Cessna airplanes operating out of an airport at nearby Trenton serve the island in the winter with mail and supplies. There is one main dirt road on the island that runs from one end of the island to the other that is maintained by the Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and also services as a landing strip for the airplanes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pictou Island was claimed on October 17, 1809 by Charles Morris. That same year it was granted by the Crown to Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane, likely as a reward for Royal Navy victories secured under his command in the Napoleonic Wars. Permanent European settlement of the island began in the 1810s.</p><br>
<p>The Law School at the College of New Jersey  was a department of Princeton University from 1847 until 1852. It began instruction in 1847 as a modest effort consisting of three professors: Joseph Coerten Hornblower, Richard Stockton Field, and James S. Green. Only seven students obtained a law degree before the school closed in 1852. The short-lived experiment was the furthest the university got in a recurring ambition, marked by varying levels of effort, to establish a law school. Previously, in the 1820s, an attempt was made to organize teaching in law, but this plan ended with the death of the designated professor. In 1935, the university once again formed appreciable plans for the start of a law school but was unable to secure a faculty. The desire remained after these unsuccessful efforts but aspirations were relegated to thirsting words rather than material preparations. In 1974, then president of Princeton, William G. Bowen, selected a committee to investigate and advise on the achievability of a law school. The committee recommended plans for a law school be deferred after citing high construction costs. Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth are the only Ivy League schools to lack a law school, and all Princeton graduates who are lawyers will have received their legal training elsewhere.</p><br>
<h2>Mistaken and fictional references</h2><br>
<p>Since Princeton is a large university, many people and even lawyers may be surprised to learn that it does not have a law school. Indeed, James Madison, the Father of the Constitution, was a Princeton University graduate and a lawyer; however, Madison attended Princeton before the university&#39;s abortive attempt at a law school, during a time when law schools in North America were rare and most lawyers earned their credentials through a period of apprenticeship.</p><br>
<p>At a press conference of law school deans in 1998 decrying the annual US News Law School Rankings, then New York University School of Law Dean John Sexton quipped, "If they were asked about Princeton Law School, it would appear on the top 20 -- but it doesn&#39;t exist" (Sexton was denouncing the US News usage of reputation survey results from judges, lawyers and law school deans in its ranking formula, expressing doubt over the expertise of some surveyed). A 2003 National Review Online commentary blundered when the author, Candace de Russy, identified the law school at Princeton as real: "These yearnings are embodied in a doctrine called ‘transnational progressivism,’ which is gaining prominence in law schools, for example, at Princeton and Rutgers". During the Senate Judiciary Committee vote for Supreme Court nominee Samuel Alito, Sen. Richard Durbin attested that now Justice Alito hailed from "Princeton Law" (Alito attended Princeton University for his undergraduate studies, but received his law degree from Yale Law School). Both de Russy and Durbin became cases in point for Sexton’s comments, since the former is an academic holding a Ph.D., while the latter holds a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Georgetown University Law Center.</p><br>
<p>Bill Shapiros book Other Peoples Rejection Letters shows a 1957 letter to Harvey Wax, who had written to law schools enquiring about admissions and wrote to Princeton by mistake. Wax went on to attend Harvard Law School instead. Speaking in 2010, Wax described the letter as fun, maybe a little embarrassing.</p><br>
<p>In some fiction, characters are claimed to have studied law at Princeton, either to avoid naming a genuinely prestigious law school or to suggest that they are inflating their résumé. In The Cosby Show, the eldest daughter Sondra is portrayed as a dropout of this law school.</p><br>
<p>The inept lawyer from The Simpsons, Lionel Hutz, claims to have a J.D. from Princeton, proving his lack of a law licence.</p><br>
<p>In The Riches (starring Eddie Izzard and Minnie Driver) Izzard&#39;s character, Doug Rich, pretends to have attended Princeton Law School.</p><br>
<p>A running joke in the legal community is that Princetons fictional legal division is also the worlds preeminent institution in the formerly non-existent field of space law. The joke predates the existence of actual space law programs at institutions such as the University of Nebraska College of Law.</p><br>
<p>Princeton University does award honorary degrees of law. Sonia Sotomayor, then Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and later Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, received an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Princeton University.</p><br>
<h2>Notable faculty</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Coerten Hornblower</p><br>
<p>The Park–McCullough Historic House is one of the finest and best-preserved Victorian mansions in New England. It is a thirty-five room mansion, set on 200 acres  of grounds, and located off Vermont Route 67A in North Bennington, Vermont, USA.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1864–65 by attorney and entrepreneur Trenor W. Park (1823–1882), who was born in nearby Woodford, Vermont but amassed his fortune overseeing the mining interests of John C. Fremont in California. It was designed by Henry Dudley, a prolific New York architect of the popular firm of Diaper and Dudley. The house cost $75,000 and the family moved in on Christmas Day, 1865. His descendants made extensive renovations to the house in 1889–90, largely in order to entertain President Benjamin Harrison who had come to town to dedicate the new Bennington Battle Monument.</p><br>
<p>The Park–McCullough house is an important example of an American country house in the Second Empire Style. It also incorporates architectural features of the Romantic Revival style popular at the time.</p><br>
<p>The house is now owned by a non-profit organization and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Family history</h2><br>
<h3>Trenor William Park</h3><br>
<p>Trenor William Park was born outside of Bennington, Vermont in Woodford, Vermont on December 8, 1823. His family was not wealthy while he was growing up. By the age of 16, Trenor was already studying law and subsequently, was admitted to the Vermont bar at age 21. He married Vermont Governor Hiland Hall’s daughter, Laura V.S. Hall, on December 15, 1846. They had three children together: Eliza “Lizzie” Hall Park (October 17, 1848 – 1938), Laura “Lila” or “Birdie” Hall Park (1858–1939), and Trenor “Train” Luther Park (1861–1907).</p><br>
<p>Trenor, Laura, and Lizzie traveled to San Francisco in 1852, following Hiland Hall, who had been appointed California Land Commissioner. Trenor joined the law firm of Halleck, Peachy & Billings, but later opened a law firm of his own. He found great success in the West, managing the Mariposa mines for John C. Fremont. The Park (and McCullough) fortunes also encompassed other international ventures, including banking and railroads. At one time Trenor served as president of the Panama Canal Railway, and he founded the First National Bank of North Bennington, Vermont.</p><br>
<p>The family returned to North Bennington, Vermont in 1863. Construction began on the “Big House,” as it was affectionately called, between 1864 and 1865.</p><br>
<p>Trenor William Park ran for vice-president of the United States in 1864. On his death left $10,000 to Harvard University.</p><br>
<h3>Trenor Luther Park</h3><br>
<p>Trenor William Park&#39;s son, Trenor "Train" Luther Park (1861–1907), married Julia Hunt Catlin. He was a Harvard graduate and importer of silks. He was a commodore of the New York Yacht club and won the Roosevelt Cup in sailing. He and Julia sailed across the Atlantic 75 times. His mansion, named "Hill Crest", was built in the late 1890s in Purchase, New York, and is now the Old Oaks Country Club.</p><br>
<p>Trenor and Julia had three children: Julia (died aged 3 days), Elliot Edith (died aged 10, by falling through a plate glass roof in New York City), and Frances. Trenor died in 1907, six months after losing his daughter. After his death, Julia and Frances moved to a house in Paris, France, and bought the Chateau dAnnel in the north. Frances later married surgeon E. Gerald Stanley, whom she met at her mothers chateau during World War I, and they had five children.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, Julia turned the Chateau d&#39;Annel into a hospital on the front lines. In 1917, she was the first American woman to be awarded the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre in France in honor of her wartime efforts.</p><br>
<p>Julia went on to marry the governor of New Yorks nephew, Chauncey Mitchell Depew, then after a divorce, she married General Adolphe Emile Taufflieb. She died, in 1947, at her residence in Cannes, France, "Villa Nevada". Coincidentally, it was the same residence where Queen Victorias son, Prince Leopold, had died in 1884.</p><br>
<h3>Eliza Hall Park</h3><br>
<p>Trenor William Park&#39;s older daughter, Eliza “Lizzie” Hall Park (October 17, 1848 – 1938), married John G. McCullough on August 30, 1871. McCullough was born in 1835 in Newark, Delaware. He began a law practice in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and later opened another office in Mariposa County, California. Together, Lizzie and John had four children, Hall Park McCullough (1872–1966), Elizabeth “Bess” McCullough Johnson (1873–1965), Ella Sallie Park McCullough (or Sister Mary Veronica, 1874–1965), and Esther Morgan Park McCullough (1888–1957). He was elected governor of Vermont in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, after the death of her mother, Lizzie became the caretaker of the house. Her father died in 1882, and Lizzie bought out the stake her siblings had in the home to become the sole owner along with her husband; she paid Laura and Trenor $23,333 each. After her husband’s death in 1915, Lizzie oversaw the house until she died in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Even though her son, Hall Park McCullough, inherited the house, it was her daughter, Elizabeth “Bess” McCullough Johnson, who resided in the house until her death in 1965. None of the remaining descendants resided in the house after Bess&#39;s death. John G. McCullough II (Hall Park McCullough’s son and Bess’s nephew) inherited the house in 1966 and in 1968 offered the property to the Park–McCullough House Association.</p><br>
<h2>The "Big House"</h2><br>
<p>Trenor Park purchased the land the house sits on in North Bennington, Vermont from his father-in-law, Hiland Hall. The “Big House” was under construction from 1864 to 1865, on a property of almost 200 acre, and was designed by New York architectural firm Diaper and Dudley. The house was built in the Second Empire style. Over time, the total amount of land owned by the family topped 600 acre! It was originally built as a summer cottage/retreat from their New York home. The family occupied the house most likely from May or June to September or October, and occasionally spent the winter holidays at the house. From 1865 through 1965, the house was occupied by four generations of the Hall, Park, and McCullough families. The Park family moved into the “Big House” on December 25, 1865. As the lady of the house, Laura was responsible for purchasing the furnishings in the house.</p><br>
<p>The style of the house borrows from many different styles, including Second Empire and Gothic. The house is quite revolutionary for the time because there was indoor plumbing, hot and cold water, and gas lighting. Because of the hazard the gas machine posed, the Park’s insurance was cancelled. Only some of the fixtures were converted to electricity around 1910. Most rooms contained fireplaces which provided heat, but if that was not enough, there was a steam boiler, located in the basement, which heated air and rose to the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>Diaper and Dudley also designed the Carriage Barn, which was built between 1865 and 1866. It was renovated many years later to make room for automobiles, and included hardwood floors and new partitions. The Park’s dog, Abe, occupied the dog house located to the east of the main entrance. It was turned into a play house in its current location, complete with a kitchen (with a wood stove and furniture) and details similar to those in the “Big House”.</p><br>
<p>What once was part of the apartment occupied by Hiland Hall and his wife is now a sitting room right above the staircase on the second floor. This renovation was made around 1889–1890. This was the first of many renovations made to the home after Lizzie and John became masters of the home. President Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) stayed at the home in August 1891 for the celebration of the dedication of the Bennington Battle Monument. Lizzie and John introduced the Colonial Revival architecture style to the house in 1889 in preparation for the President, when the renovations were made to the front hall. The main hall is 75 ft long, and includes a large fireplace and inglenook bench. The parquet floor, fireplace, and inglenook bench were installed in 1891 prior to the visit from the President. The wallpaper that still covers the walls dates to that renovation. Even though many renovations have taken place over the years that the family occupied the house, the Park–McCullough house is one of the best preserved Victorian mansions in New England. It still largely retains the original design of the house, including original pieces owned and used by the family over one hundred years.</p><br>
<p>When the family first moved into the house, Lizzie chose for herself the bedroom that would be hers for the entire time she lived in the house. It is located right off the master bedroom that her parents slept in, and when she married John G. McCullough, the couple continued to live in her childhood bedroom. The “Big House” boasts 14 chimneys and 35 rooms – 20 of which are bedrooms. When first built, the house contained 18 coal burning fireplaces, all of which were constructed out of Italian (not Vermont) marble. To keep up with the changing styles of the time, the fireplaces located in the library, main and west halls were converted to wood burning. The house has two entrances, one for those who arrived by carriage (which is located on the South) and one for those that had walked to the house (located on the East). When entering the house from the South, guests are welcomed by a bust of Hiland Hall, placed on the mantle of the fireplace. Rooms on the first floor include the Morning, Library, Music, Dining and Billiard rooms, which all have entrances to the long hallway. The lady of the house used the Morning room to meet with house staff or write letters. The Library is also known as the gentlemen’s parlor, which was used as an office by Trenor Park and by John G. McCullough during his tenure as Governor. After the death of John, Lizzie changed the space to another sitting room. The Music room served as a venue for visits from guests, which lasted only 20 minutes. The dining room table is thought to have been used by the McCullough’s in their New York home. The room also has a smaller, circular table near the widows used for more informal meals.</p><br>
<p>The billiard room contained many luxurious and high-tech gadgets, including a billiard table which reportedly cost $803 (made around 1875) and an elevator that ran between the first and second floors, which was installed in 1930 by Lizzie. There is only one bedroom on the second floor that did not have access to a bathroom, and as such, a hole was cut in the wall to make a door and provide access to a bathroom on a lower floor. This bedroom was occupied at one time by Esther Morgan Park McCullough, Lizzie’s daughter</p><br>
<p>Part of the west wing of the house was removed around 1940. Rooms that were contained in this section included the original kitchen and sections of the servants’ living area. Over time, the McCullough’s changed their gardens (surrounding the grounds) around, and at one point, converted them into a tennis court.</p><br>
<h2>The Park–McCullough House Association</h2><br>
<p>The Park–McCullough House Association, which was offered the house by John G. McCullough II, was formed in 1968. It is a non-profit charitable/membership corporation, which is governed by a Board of Trustees, and requires full and part-time employees and volunteers. The Association sponsors educational programs that are suitable for both adults and children, tours of the home, and hosts many special events at the property. In 1972, the “Big House” was placed on the National Register of Historic Sites. The Association formally received deeds to the property in 1975 and 1984.</p><br>
<p>Davids Island is a 78 acre island off the coast of New Rochelle, New York, in Long Island Sound. Currently uninhabited, in the past it was the site of Fort Slocum. The island is home to the endangered Kemps Ridley sea turtle, and rare birds such as osprey and least terns. Davids&#39; Island also supports valuable wetlands, rare rocky intertidal areas, and sandy beaches. The waters surrounding the Island are home to winter flounder, Atlantic herring, and Atlantic silverside.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name is often given as "David Hawks" or "David Hawk", but neither is correct. The island is named after its next-to-last civilian owner before the Army acquired it; New York City ink manufacturer and Westchester County resident Thaddeus Davids. It was first leased (1861–1867), then owned (1867–1965), by the USA Government, and was known as "Davids Island Military Reservation" until it was renamed "Fort Slocum" on July 1, 1896. Previously, it had been named after other owners and was called successively: Bouteilliers, Rodmans, Myers, Treadwells, Hewletts, Allens, and Morse&#39;s Island.</p><br>
<h2>Historical uses</h2><br>
<p>During the last periods before European explorers and colonists arrived, Native Americans inhabited Davids Island. By the mid 17th century, the New Rochelle, NY area was inhabited by a Native American group known as the Siwanoy. Archeological evidence from Davids Island indicates that Native Americans inhabited the island from 1,000 to 1,500 AD. Native Americans began to withdraw from New Yorks coastal areas in the 1600s, as European traders and colonists began to enter the region. In 1654, Thomas Pell acquired from the Siwanoys title for the land that now includes Davids Island and southern Westchester County.</p><br>
<p>From Colonial times to the mid-19th century, Davids Island was one of many small islands off the north shore of the Long Island Sound used for farming and pasturing animals. Permanent Euro-American occupation of Davids Island began with the arrival of the original Huguenot settlers to the area in the late 1600s.</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the 19th century, summertime steamboat excursions to New Rochelle gave city dwellers from New York City and Brooklyn a chance to escape the urban crowds and grime for a few hours. Davids&#39;, Neptune, and Glen Islands were all regular stops for excursion steamers.</p><br>
<p>In November 1856, ink manufacturer Thaddeus Davids purchased the island, after which time the island took on his name. Davids had intended to move his factory to the island but never did so. In 1862, he leased the island to Simeon Leland, a prominent hotelier, who then subleased it to the USA Government War Department for hospital purposes. De Camp General Hospital was soon established, and wooden structures were erected to house thousands of wounded prisoners from the battlefields of the American Civil War. By late 1862, De Camp was the Armys largest general hospital, housing more than 2,100 patients. Originally, the hospital treated only Union soldiers, but following the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the War Department opened it to care for hundreds of wounded Confederate soldiers. Davids Island soon held more than 2,500 Confederate prisoners. Most had recovered by October and were moved to prisoner of war camps elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>A ferry connection was established from Neptune Island, under the control of Simeon Leland. At the end of the war, Congress authorized the islands purchase for military purposes, and it was conveyed to the United States in 1867. From this date, the Federal government operated its own ferry to and from Neptune Island. In July 1878 Davids Island was made a principal depot of the USA Army General Recruiting Service, taking over this assignment from Governors Island. This marked the beginning of the installation&#39;s longstanding mission as a recruitment and training center.</p><br>
<p>It was later converted to a coastal artillery defense post and was named Fort Slocum, after Major General Henry W. Slocum, USA Volunteers. Between 1891 and 1904, artillery batteries were erected at three places on the eastern half of the island: Battery Practice near the southeastern shoreline; the state-of-the-art heavy mortar battery, Battery Haskin-Overton, near the southern end of the island; and two adjoining medium-range gun batteries, Fraser and Kinney, on the northeastern shore.</p><br>
<p>At the start of the 20th Century, the island had become the East Coast assembly point for units being assigned to Americas new overseas operations. By the onset of World War I, it had become one of the busiest recruiting stations in the country, processing 100,000 soldiers per year. From 1946 to 1949, Fort Slocum housed Headquarters First Air Force. In June 1949, it was renamed "Slocum Air Force Base&quot this only lasted for a year before it was turned back into an Army post in June 1950. From 1955 to 1960, Fort Slocum housed Nike Ajax air-defense battery NY-15. The missiles were stored in underground silos on Hart Island with the radar and control base on Davids Island. In July 1960, after only five years of operation, Nike Battery NY-15 was closed.</p><br>
<p>Fort Slocum was deactivated on November 30, 1965. During the decades that followed, the facilities of the former Army post were neglected and deteriorated severely.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>In 1967, the City of New Rochelle purchased Davids&#39; Island, initially using it for the site of a summer camp for New Rochelle youth. In 1968, Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) purchased the Island for three million dollars, with a view to building a nuclear power plant there. Con Ed dropped these plans in 1973 and resold the island to New Rochelle in 1976, for $1. In 1977, following 10 years of neglect, New Rochelle designated the island, with its remnants of Fort Slocum, as an urban renewal area.</p><br>
<p>Xanadu Properties Associates proposed to redevelop Davids Island in 1981. Their plans included the construction of a bridge, breakwater for an 800-boat marina, and 2,000 luxury condominium units. However, because of the grand scale of Xanadus plans, the proposed development was highly controversial among the public. In 1987, a conservation group called Save Davids Island for the Citizens, comprising neighboring property owners and concerned Westchester County residents, formed to oppose Xanadu. Further opposition came from state officials concerned about the potential lack of general public access to shoreline areas. In 1992, the City of New Rochelle opted not to extend Xanadus status as the designated developer for Davids&#39; Island and instead sought new proposals. In response, developer Donald Trump briefly pursued the opportunity to redevelop the island, but the plans were cancelled while still preliminary.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Fort Slocum continued to occupy Davids&#39; Island into the beginning of the 21st century and were among the factors complicating redevelopment of the island. Beginning in 2004, however, Congress appropriated funds to remove the ruins through a Defense Department program that assists communities in reusing former defense facilities. During the summer of 2008, the city of New Rochelle demolished all remaining structures on the island, including the iconic water tower on the northern end of the island, with plans to turn the island into a park.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, a French offer was made to buy the island in order to create a data center. This project is still ongoing.</p><br>
<p>Rainsborough Camp is an Iron Age hillfort in South Northamptonshire, England, between the villages of Croughton, Aynho, and Charlton.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>There are extensive views to the north-west towards the Cherwell valley; the land is flat to the south-east. The altitude is 145 m.</p><br>
<p>It is a bivallate fort, roughly oval and longest from north to south; the area is about 2.6 hectare. The interior, having been under cultivation in the past, is featureless. The inner rampart is about 3 m above the enclosed area; the rampart is about 4 m above its external ditch. The outer rampart is up to 1 m high on the south side, 0.5 m on the west and north side, no longer visible on the east side. There are slight traces of a ditch outside the outer rampart on the west side. The original entrance is the slightly inturned gap in the western side; other entrances are later.</p><br>
<p>The site was landscaped in the late 18th century. The inner bank was made higher and the inner ditch deeper; a dry-stone wall was added to the outer slope of the inner bank: this is visible along much of the rampart.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated extensively between 1961 and 1965. Several phases of occupation were found. There was pre-fort occupation in the 6th/5th centuries B.C. A bivallate fort was built in the 5th century B.C.: the inner rampart was tiered in three steps at the rear, and the west entrance had stone guardrooms behind the inturned entrances. Occupation continued, with repairs to the defences, until the early 4th century B.C. when the fort was attacked and burnt, and perhaps abandoned.</p><br>
<p>In the late 2nd century B.C. the fort was refortified: the ramparts had a glacis form, and the entrance was rebuilt. The work was left incomplete and the fort was abandoned. There is evidence of activity in the Roman period, in the late 1st century A.D. and the 3rd to 4th centuries A.D.</p><br>
<p>Terminal Station in Chattanooga, Tennessee, is a former railroad station, and now hotel, which was once owned and operated by the Southern Railway, and is currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station is currently operated under the name The Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel and is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was opened in 1909 and was the largest station in Chattanooga&#39;s history. The Terminal Station was the first train station in the south to help open a pathway to connect the north from the south, mostly to connect the city of Cincinnati, to Chattanooga. The original Chattanooga Union Station, built in 1858, (demolished in 1973) and a second station, built in 1882, were too small to handle the rapid expansion in the railroad network serving Chattanooga. Chattanooga was becoming a main port and hub for supplies and people to come through, so it was decided that a station should be built to be bigger than previously planned. The construction on the second station, or Terminal Station, began in 1906 at the cost of $1.5 million. Terminal Station was initially envisioned to be a train station that would deliver supplies and small packages, and then it was decided that it would also serve passenger trains. The Terminal Train Station eventually started to serve, on average, fifty passenger trains per day, and even greeted presidents such as Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt. However, this does not include the traffic and materials that were also coming in due to the non-passenger trains.</p><br>
<p>American railroad passenger traffic declined after World War II, and even more so in the 1950s and 1960s, due to competition from better cars and interstate systems, along with airplanes becoming a more popular way to travel and send things. Packages and land shipping became easier to send and the train track locations became outdated. Terminal Station hosted its last passenger train to visit and serve the station, the Southern Railway&#39;s Birmingham Special, from New York City to Birmingham, and this train left Terminal Station in 1970, which is the same year the doors of Terminal Station finally closed to the public. In the years before, as the passenger traffic did decline, most of the platforms started to become storage before the station eventually got changed into a hotel and one by one, each track ultimately became obsolete.</p><br>
<p>In April, 1973, after near absolute destruction, Terminal Station was reopened by a group of business people, who were inspired by the "Chattanooga Choo Choo" song and its enduring popularity. They renamed Terminal Station to "Chattanooga Choo Choo Hilton and Entertainment Complex". Investors poured more than four million dollars into the Terminal Station renovation project. In the year 1989, another group of business people invested another four million dollars to refurbish and renovate the hotel and to bring in and hire new management and staff. The 1989 update resulted in the hotel&#39;s current moniker: The Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and Pop-Culture</h2><br>
<p>The Beaux-Arts-style station designed by Donn Barber was one of the grandest buildings in Chattanooga, featuring an arched main entrance. The building also has an 82 ft high ceiling dome with a skylight in the center section. The station included a main waiting room, bathrooms, ticket offices, and other services ready to help potential passengers. The original Terminal Station was merely one story in height, so the aforementioned dome and skylight made this area look gargantuan in juxtaposition to other similar buildings, while the arched main entrance was said to be the "largest arch in the world." Lighting was provided by large brass chandeliers. Terminal Station had fourteen train tracks, that could serve seven different passenger platforms. The then president of the Southern Railway System, William Finley, wanted the architecture to follow the example of and imitate the looks of the National Park Bank of New York, and the high dome-like skylight was the main emulation of the National Park Bank.</p><br>
<p>The train tracks have mostly been removed to accommodate the growth of the city. The modern Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel is adorned with a bright neon miniature sign version of the trains that once visited. The hotel is surrounded and fenced in by rose gardens and includes an additional area for educational historic trolley rides as well as an ice skating rink. It also features the "Dinner in the Diner" restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The 1941 Glenn Miller song "Chattanooga Choo Choo" told the story of a train trip from Track 29 at Pennsylvania Station in New York City through Baltimore, North and South Carolina, and finishing the trip, or terminating at Terminal Station.</p><br>
<h2>Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel</h2><br>
<p>In the year 1973, local businessmen bought the Terminal Station three years after it closed down, renamed it the Chattanooga Choo Choo after the Glenn Miller song, and began rehabilitating the building into a hotel. Today, the 24 acre complex is a convention center, hotel and resort with restaurants and shops. Hotel guests can stay in half of a restored passenger railway car. Dining at the complex includes the Gardens restaurant in the Terminal Station itself (enclosed passenger loading platform), The Station House (which is housed in a former baggage storage, but on original building plans is designated as "Mail Sorting Facility") and the "Dinner in the Diner" which is the complex&#39;s fine dining venue, housed in a restored 1938 Class A dining car. Some parts of the complex are connected by a heritage streetcar line, operated by a 1924-built ex-New Orleans Perley Thomas trolley car. Hotel guests and customers can reserve a completely refurbished and restored authentic sleeper car, some of which are salvaged from the same trains that used to run through Terminal Station.</p><br>
<p>The Aletschhorn  is a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland, lying within the Jungfrau-Aletsch region, which has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The mountain shares part of its name with the Aletsch Glacier lying at its foot.</p><br>
<p>The Aletschhorn, the second highest mountain of the Bernese Alps after the Finsteraarhorn, is the only one of the higher peaks that lies completely in Valais. It is the culminating point of a chain running parallel with the dividing ridge, and surpassing it in the height of its principal peaks. Standing thus between the principal range of the Bernese Alps and the Pennine chain, it shares with the Bietschhorn the advantage of occupying a central position in relation to the high peaks around it. The Aletschhorn is often thought to command the finest of all the panoramic views from Alpine summits.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>On its northern flank lies the Aletschfirn, which is part of the Aletsch Glacier. On the southwest lies the Oberaletsch Glacier and, on the southeast, lies the Mittelaletsch Glacier. Both are in the catchment area of the Massa river, which originates in the Aletsch Glacier and ends up in the Rhone river. Its remote location in the middle of glaciers means that the Aletschhorn, despite its height, is less frequently visited and less well known than the summits of the Jungfrau and the Eiger, which lie about 10 km on the north.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The Aletschhorn was first climbed almost 50 years after the first ascent of the Jungfrau. When the Jungfrau was first climbed, the climbers used base camps on the Aletschfirn, at the foot of the Aletschhorn.</p><br>
<p>The Aletschhorn was climbed first in 1859 by Francis Fox Tuckett, J. J. Bennen, V. Tairraz and P. Bohren. The party passed the night in some holes in the rocks above the Mittel Aletsch Glacier (on the east side of the mountain), and on the following morning, on 18 June, started the ascent and reached the snow arête connecting the Dreieckhorn with the main peak. The passage along this arête at a so early period of the year, before the snow has become well consolidated, involved some risk and a slope of névé lying at an angle of 50°, required care and good step-cutting. But the summit could be reached without too much difficulty. Like many other climbers, Tuckett took with him a barometer and made scientific observations. He noted the icy temperature and the very strong wind, blowing the snow and threatening to knock over the climbers.</p><br>
<p>After they reached the summit, Tuckett separated from Bennen and descended via the north face with Bohren and Tairraz. He wanted to descend directly to the Lötschental, but soon after they began the descent, an avalanche started right under the feet of the climbers. They cautiously went back and descended on the Mittelaletsch.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>Northeast ridge</p><br>
<p>Difficulty: PD+</p><br>
<p>Starting point: Mittelaletschbiwak (3,013 m)</p><br>
<p>Valley: Fiesch (1,049 m)</p><br>
<p>Southwest ridge</p><br>
<p>Difficulty: AD, II</p><br>
<p>Starting point: Oberaletschhütte (2,640 m)</p><br>
<p>Valley: Blatten bei Naters (1,322 m)</p><br>
<p>The Grünhorn   is a mountain in the Bernese Alps range of the Swiss Alps. It is located on the ridge between the two largest glaciers of the Alps: the Aletsch Glacier to the west and the Fiescher Glacier to the east. To the south lies the Gross Wannenhorn and, to the north, the Gross Fiescherhorn.</p><br>
<p>The starting point for the normal route via the Grünegghorn and the south-west ridge is the Konkordiahütte at 2,850 m, which can be reached from Fiesch (1,049 m; 3,442 ft).</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent was made on August 7, 1865 by the Bernese mineralogist Edmund von Fellenberg with guides Peter Michel, Peter Egger and Peter Inäbnit. They climbed the mountain from the west side, starting at the Ewigschneefeld, a tributary glacier of the Aletsch Glacier. They successfully reached the summit despite very bad weather conditions. The same climbers had made an attempt on the peak in the previous year, but they could only reach a lower prominence of the Grünegghorn.</p><br>
<p>The second ascent was made by W. A. B. Coolidge, with guides Christian and Rudolf Almer (sons of Christian Almer).</p><br>
<p>A route on the north-east ridge was opened on 26 August 1913 by D. von Bethmann-Hollweg and O. Supersaxo. In the summer of 1950, G. Van der Leck climbed the west face. The western pillar was finally climbed by C. Blum and U. Frei on 27 August 1967.</p><br>
<p>Famed Swiss mountaineer Erhard Loretan died after a fall on the Grünhorn on 28 April 2011.</p><br>
<p>Grosses Fiescherhorn is a mountain peak of the Bernese Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Bern and ValaisValais, halfway between the Mönch and the Finsteraarhorn. At 4,049 m above sea level, its summit culminates over the whole Fiescherhorn massif , which is also composed of the slightly lower Hinteres Fiescherhorn  to the south and Kleines Fiescherhorn  to the east. From the north both are well hidden behind other mountain peaks and can only been seen from Isch in Grindelwald . The mountain is shared between the municipalities of Grindelwald and Fieschertal.</p><br>
<p>Ascents are usually made from one of these three popular routes: one starts from the Mönchsjoch Hut, one from the Konkordia Hut, and the third from the Finsteraarhorn Hut.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The summit was first reached on 23 July 1862 by H. B. George and Adolphus Warburton Moore, with guides Christian Almer and Ulrich Kaufmann. They used what is now the normal route, the south-west ridge.</p><br>
<p>The north side of the mountain was first climbed in 1926. On 13 August, W. Amstutz and P. von Schumacher reached the summit after a 15-hour ascent via the north ridge, which is the northern boundary of the Fiescherwand.</p><br>
<p>The first direct ascent on the Fiescherwand was made by W. Welzenbach and H. Tillmann in 1930. Welzenbach was an expert climber, who disputed the common idea of his time that an ascent of the Fiescherwand was impossible. The previous year, in 1929, Welzenbach and Tillmann climbed the north ridge in only 8.5 hours. The following year they started the ascent of the Fiescherwand on the morning of 5 September 1930, taking a line that ran directly to the summit. They reached the top that evening, after a 12-hour ascent.</p><br>
<p>Jebel Sahaba  is a prehistoric cemetery site in the Nile Valley , near the northern border of Sudan, associated with the Qadan culture, dated to the Younger Dryas .</p><br>
<p>One skeleton was radiocarbon dated to approximately 13,140-14,340 years old; Ancient Military History. Retrieved December 17, 2011 Newer apatite dates indicate that the site is at least 11,600 years old. It was discovered in 1964 by a team led by Fred Wendorf.</p><br>
<p>The site is often cited as the oldest known evidence of warfare or systemic intergroup violence.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The original project that discovered the cemetery was the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project. This salvage dig project was a direct response to the raising of the Aswan Dam which stood to destroy or damage many sites along its path.</p><br>
<p>Three cemeteries are present in this area. Of these cemeteries, two comprise Jebel Sahaba, with one cemetery located on either side of the Nile. A third cemetery, Tuskha, is situated nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Skeletal remains</h2><br>
<p>61 individual skeletons were recovered at Jebel Sahaba, as well as numerous other fragmented remains. Of the men, women, and children buried at Jebel Sahaba, at least 45% percent died of violent wounds. Pointed stone projectiles were found in the bodies of 21 individuals, suggesting that these people had been attacked by spears or arrows. Cut marks were found on the bones of other individuals as well. Some damaged bones had healed, demonstrating a persistent pattern of conflict in this society.</p><br>
<p>Cranial analysis of the Jebel Sahaba fossils found that they shared osteological affinities with a hominid series from Wadi Halfa in Sudan. Additionally, comparison of the limb proportions of the Jebel Sahaba skeletal remains with those of various ancient and recent series indicated that they were most similar in body shape to the examined modern populations from Sub-Saharan Africa (viz. 19th century fossils belonging to the San population, 19th century West Africa fossils, 19th and 20th century Pygmy fossils, and mid-20th century fossils culled from Kenya and Uganda in East Africa). However, the Jebel Sahaba specimens were post-cranially distinct from the Iberomaurusians and other coeval series from North Africa, and they were also morphologically remote from later Nubia skeletal series and from fossils belonging to the Mesolithic Natufian culture of the Levant.</p><br>
<h2>Curation</h2><br>
<p>The skeletal remains and any other artifacts recovered by the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project were donated by Wendorf to the British Museum in 2001; the collection arrived at the museum in March 2002.</p><br>
<p>This collection includes skeletal and fauna remains, lithics, pottery, and environmental samples as well as the full archive of Wendorf&#39;s notes, slides, and other material during the dig.</p><br>
<p>The Titan Missile Museum, also known as Air Force Facility Missile Site 8 or as Titan II ICBM Site 571-7, is a former ICBM missile site located at 1580 West Duval Mine Road, Sahuarita, Arizona in the United States. It is located about 40 km south of Tucson on I-19. It is now a museum run by the nonprofit Arizona Aerospace Foundation and includes an inert Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile in the silo, as well as the original launch facilities.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Underground facilities</h2><br>
<p>The underground facilities consist of a three-level Launch Control Center, the eight level silo containing the missile and its related equipment, and the connecting structures of cableways (access tunnels), blast locks, and the access portal and equipment elevator. The complex was built of steel reinforced concrete with walls as much as 8 ft in some areas, and a number of 3-ton blast doors sealed the various areas from the surface and each other.</p><br>
<p>The top level of the silo permits viewing the silo missile doors. Level 3 houses a large diesel generator. Level 7 provides access to the lowest part of the launch duct. Visitors on the "Beyond the Blast Doors" tour are allowed to stand directly underneath the missile. Level 8, at 140 ft underground, houses the propellant pumps.</p><br>
<h2>Titan II missile</h2><br>
<p>The 103 ft Titan II missile inside the silo has neither warhead nor has it ever been fueled, allowing it to be safely displayed to visitors. In accordance with a US/USSR agreement, the silo doors are permanently blocked from opening more than half way. The dummy reentry vehicle mounted on the missile has a prominent hole cut in it to prove it is inert. All of the support facilities at the site remain intact, complete with all of their original equipment.</p><br>
<p>The silo became operational in 1963 and was deactivated in 1982 as part of President Reagan&#39;s policy (announced in 1981) of decommissioning the Titan II missiles as part of a weapon systems modernization program. All operational Titan II silos throughout the country were demolished, including 18 sites around McConnell AFB in Wichita, Kansas, 17 sites near Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (one additional site previously damaged beyond repair in a mishap/non-nuclear explosion) and 17 other sites by Davis-Monthan AFB and Tucson with the exception of this one. It is now a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Yield and warhead</h2><br>
<p>The Titan II was the largest operational land based nuclear missile ever used by the United States. The missile had one W53 warhead with a yield of 9 Megatons (9,000 kilotons).</p><br>
<p>The facility&#39;s highest state of alert was November 22, 1963, when President John F. Kennedy was shot. When news of the shooting broke, the keys used to launch the missile were ordered to be placed on the tables at the launch consoles to prepare for a possible launch. The Pentagon did not yet know whether the Soviet Union had committed an act of war. The keys were not, however, placed in their switches.</p><br>
<p>At launch, orders from the National Command Authority would have specified one of three pre-programmed targets which, for security reasons, were unknown to the crew. The missile base that is now the Titan Missile Museum (complex 571-7 of the 390th Strategic Missile Wing) was, at the time of closure, programmed to strike "Target Two". The missile&#39;s computer could hold up to three targets, and the target selected was determined by Strategic Air Command headquarters. To change the selected target, the crew commander pressed the appropriate button on the launch console. Target 2, which is classified to this day but was assumed to be within the borders of the former Soviet Union, was designated as a ground burst, suggesting that the target was a hardened facility such as a Soviet missile base. Targets could be selected for air or ground burst, but the selection was determined by Strategic Air Command.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist Attractions</h2><br>
<p>A visitor center for the site features a gift shop, a small museum and guided tours of the site. The museum is intended to put the Titan II within the context of the Cold War. Paid tours are available for hire, offering education about the history of the Titan II site and program, as well as a closer look at many features of the complex. Relics include hardstands for fuel storage containers and the associated control vehicles, restored engines from a Titan II missile, and a re-entry vehicle.</p><br>
<p>Tours below ground may include the control room, the cableways (tunnels), the silo, antennna tower and more. More information can be found and reservations may be made via the museum web site. Several times each month a more extensive "top to bottom" tour is available. This tour takes up to 5 hours and accommodates a maximum of six people. Prior reservations required. The top-to-bottom tour is not handicapped accessible.</p><br>
<p>Several scenes in the 1996 film Star Trek: First Contact were shot at the site. The missile itself was depicted as the launch vehicle for the film&#39;s Phoenix spacecraft, the first warp prototype; at one point, Data notes the profound irony that a weapon of mass destruction was used to bring about the global peace and unity of Treks future.</p><br>
<p>The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is a Las Vegas landmark funded in May 1959 and erected soon after by Western Neon. The sign was designed by Betty Willis at the request of Ted Rogich, a local salesman, who sold it to Clark County, Nevada.</p><br>
<p>The sign is located in the median at 5100 Las Vegas Boulevard South, north of the historic stone pillars of the old McCarran Airport on the east side, and across from the Bali Hai Golf Club and the (closed) Klondike Hotel & Casino on the west side. Some consider the sign to be the official southern end of the Las Vegas Strip. The sign, like most of the Strip, sits in Paradise and is located roughly 4 miles south of the actual city limits of Las Vegas. (Such distinctions are usually ignored by both locals and tourists, who refer to the entire metro area as "Las Vegas".)</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The sign is a 25 ft classic roadside pole design, mounted offset on two flat poles which are joined by a cross piece at the top. The poles extend above the top of the sign. The sign is a horizontally stretched diamond shape, with the top and bottom angles pointed while the side angles are rounded. It is double-backed, internally lit, with a border of flashing and chasing yellow incandescent bulbs outside around the perimeter. In a nod to Nevada&#39;s nickname as "the Silver State," across the top of the sign are white neon circles, designed to represent silver dollars. The circles each contain a red painted letter, outlined in neon, which together form the word "Welcome." Crowning the sign, located between the two poles and just under the crosspiece is an eight-pointed, red-painted metal star outlined with yellow neon.</p><br>
<p>The intersecting vertical and horizontal lines of the star extend over and wrap around the frame that is created by the two poles and the cross piece, which give the star a dynamic, explosive appearance. The cabinet is faced with translucent white plastic and covered with blue and red painted text. The south side of the sign reads "Welcome" inside the silver dollars, with "to Fabulous" in blue, in a 1950s-style cursive, underneath. The words "Las Vegas" are on the next line in red, all capitalized, and large, almost filling the width of the sign. Under "Las Vegas" is the word "Nevada" in blue, all capitalized, in a much smaller font. On the back or north side, which is less frequently photographed and thus is lesser known, the sign reads "Drive" on the top line and "Carefully" on the second in red capital letters, with "Come Back" in blue on the third line, in script, and "Soon" all capitalized in blue on the fourth line. The design is characteristic of the Googie architecture movement.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Betty Willis intended to design a sign that was unique in its shape, style and content. Young Electric Sign Company (YESCO) currently owns the sign, which leases it to Clark County, while the design itself is in the public domain. The design of the sign was never copyrighted since Willis considered this her gift to the city and wanted it to be in the public domain. This has resulted in the image being ubiquitous on Las Vegas souvenirs.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Clark County installed decorative artificial turf inlaid with four playing cards underneath the sign.</p><br>
<p>In late 2008, Clark County employees sought to have the sign listed on the National Register of Historic Places; the Nevada State Historic Preservation Office officially nominated it, and the National Park Service approved the designation on May 1, 2009.</p><br>
<p>On December 6, 2013, the State Historic Preservation Office for the State of Nevada announced that the "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign had been added to the State Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>On April 19, 2015, the designer of the sign, Betty Willis, died in her home in Overton, Nevada. She was 91 years old. On May 5, 2015, Clark County commissioners declared May 5 "Betty Willis Day" honoring the designer of the sign. Commissioners issued a proclamation to her daughter Marjorie Holland.</p><br>
<h3>Site improvements</h3><br>
<p>Prior to 2008, access to the iconic sign for photo opportunities was risky. There was no legal place for visitors to park, and visitors had to cross travel lanes of Las Vegas Boulevard and hop up onto a median to reach the sign. Although there had been no known traffic fatalities involving pedestrians attempting to access the sign, rising traffic at the south end of the Strip presented an increasingly dangerous situation.</p><br>
<p>After control of Las Vegas Boulevard was transferred from the state to Clark County, county officials decided to improve access and increase safety around the sign for photo-seekers. On December 8, 2008, site improvements were completed in the median allowing official public access to the welcome sign for the first time. The $400,000 project included a parking lot with 12 parking spaces and two loading areas for buses and limousines, as well as a paved walkway leading from the parking to the sign viewing area.</p><br>
<p>The improvements were successful, and the small parking lot was soon completely overwhelmed by an ever-increasing number of visitors to the sign. In April 2012, the Clark County Commission authorized the expenditure of $500,000 to add 20 more spaces to accommodate visitor traffic.</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 2015, a second site enhancement project was completed at a cost of $900,000. This project added 21 additional parking spaces to the parking lot and completed additional cosmetic and safety improvements, including new marked crosswalks with traffic signals to allow safer pedestrian access to the sign.</p><br>
<h3>Notable events involving the sign</h3><br>
<p>On October 4, 1999, the sign went dark for about a month when the company that had been paying the power bill was bought by another company who did not pay the bill. When the problem was discovered, payment of the past due amount, under $60, was made, and power was turned back on.</p><br>
<p>On January 31, 2008, the sign turned red in support of National Wear Red Day. The American Heart Associations Go Red for Women campaign sought to educate the public on womens risk of cardiovascular disease and promote the importance of women getting screened for heart disease.</p><br>
<p>On March 28, 2009 the sign along with much of the Las Vegas Strip was darkened for one hour as the city took part in Earth Hour.</p><br>
<p>On May 14, 2009, Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman and the Playboy personality Holly Madison coincided the start of summer with the sign&#39;s 50th anniversary. Part of the celebration was making it in the Guinness Book of World Records for the largest bikini parade, followed by pool parties throughout the city. The event kicked off in front of the sign with a runway-style retrospective featuring bathing suits from the 1950s to today.</p><br>
<p>April 28, 2010, marked the first time the text of the sign has ever been changed. Mayor Oscar Goodman unveiled the new marketing campaign "Camp Vegas." The sign was adorned with a cover that read "Welcome to Fabulous Camp Vegas." The event was hosted by Holly Madison, Wayne Newton, Oscar Goodman, and a slew of showgirls and skydivers. The Camp Vegas cover remained over the sign for 36 hours.</p><br>
<p>On October 5, 2017, following a mass shooting four days earlier, 58 crosses with hearts on them, all made by Greg Zanis, were placed following the sign. Each cross represented a victim killed in the shooting.</p><br>
<h2>Replica signs</h2><br>
<p>The welcome sign is not located within the City of Las Vegas proper, but is actually approximately 4 mi south of the city limits.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the Las Vegas City Council erected a sign reading "Welcome to Fabulous Downtown Las Vegas" at Las Vegas Boulevard and 4th Street, just within the city limits of the City of Las Vegas. This sign was destroyed in 2016 when a pickup truck crashed into it.</p><br>
<p>On March 6, 2007, another replica of the sign was installed on Boulder Highway just north of Tropicana Avenue, the result of casinos along the "Boulder Strip" uniting to have their own welcome sign. Like the original, it does not mark the border with Las Vegas; instead, it "represents the understood gateway from the Boulder Highway to Las Vegas." This is according to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.</p><br>
<h2>Use in souvenirs</h2><br>
<p>The lights from the sign are removed and offered as a commemorative souvenir. OfficialLasVegasLight.com donates a portion of the proceeds from the sales to local charities.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, souvenir replicas of the sign that light up were sold to benefit the Nevada Cancer Institute.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the image of the sign was featured on the Nevada license plate that was issued to commemorate the centennial of the City of Las Vegas.</p><br>
<p>On March 1, 2012, a business selling photos in front of a replica of the sign opened at McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada. This features an actual, physical sign located in the airport.</p><br>
<p>Koropi  is a town in East Attica, Greece. It is the seat of the municipality Kropia. It is home of the new training facilities of Panathinaikos football club since the summer of 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Koropi is situated east of the Hymettus mountain, and 16 km southeast of central Athens. It is 8 km southwest of the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport. The Koropi station is served by Line 3 of the Athens Metro, and by Proastiakos suburban trains. Motorway 6 connects Koropi with Athens.</p><br>
<p>Koropi is the largest settlement in the municipality Kropia. Other settlements within Kropia are Karellas to the north, Kitsi to the southwest, and Agia Marina and Agios Dimitrios further south, on the Saronic Gulf coast.</p><br>
<h2>Population history</h2><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Olympic Air, owned by Marfin Investment Group, has its head office in Koropi, When Athens Airways existed, its head office was in Koropi.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Koropi hosts the sport teams Koropi F.C. (A.O. Koropi), one of the oldiest Greek club, founded in 1903 and Koropi B.C. (Gymnastikos Syllogos Koropi) founded in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Georgios Papasideris, athlete, competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>The Lightner Museum is a museum of antiquities, mostly American Gilded Age pieces, housed within the historic Hotel Alcazar building in downtown St. Augustine. This 1887 Spanish Renaissance Revival style building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Hotel Alcazar</h3><br>
<p>The hotel was commissioned by Henry Flagler, to appeal to wealthy tourists who traveled south for the winter on his railroad, the Florida East Coast Railway. It was designed by New York City architects Carrère and Hastings, in the Spanish Renaissance Revival style. The firm also designed the Ponce de León Hotel across the street, now part of the campus of Flagler College. Both structures are notable for being among the earliest examples of poured concrete buildings in the world. These architects later designed the New York Public Library in New York City and the Russell Senate Office Building in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>The hotel had a steam room, massage parlor, sulfur baths, gymnasium, a three-storey ballroom, and the world&#39;s largest indoor swimming pool; however, after years as an elegant winter resort for wealthy patrons, the hotel closed in 1932. After purchasing the building to house his extensive collection of Victorian Era pieces in 1947, Chicago publisher Otto C. Lightner turned it over to the city of St. Augustine.</p><br>
<p>The building is an attraction in itself, centering on an open courtyard with palm trees and a stone arch bridge over a fishpond.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum occupies three floors of the former Hotel Alcazar and is housed in the former health facilities of the hotel, including the spa and the Turkish bath, in addition to its three-storey ballroom.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the museum houses a Victorian village, with shop fronts representing emporia selling period wares; a Victorian Science and Industry Room displays shells, rocks, minerals, and Native American artifacts in beautiful Gilded Age cases, as well as stuffed birds, a small Egyptian mummy, a model steam engine, elaborate examples of Victorian glassblowing, a golden elephant bearing the world on its back, and a shrunken head. Moreover, the first floor contains a music room, filled with mechanized musical instruments—including player pianos, reproducing pianos, orchestrions, and others—dating from the 1870s through the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contains examples of cut glass, Victorian art glass and stained glass work from Louis Comfort Tiffanys studio. The third floor, in the ballrooms upper balcony, exhibits paintings, sculptures, and furniture, including a grande escritoire created for Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon&#39;s brother and King of Holland between 1806 and 1810.</p><br>
<p>The Ballroom Gallery has oil paintings by Paul Trouillebert (Cleopatra & the Dying Messenger), Léon Comerre (Maid of Honor), and Albert Bierstadt (In the Yosemite). It also has sculptures by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux and Randolph Rogers.</p><br>
<p>Wiki Peak is a mountain in the Nutzotin Mountains of Alaska within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. It is located near the Canada–United States border. The best way to reach Wiki Peak is charter a flight into Horsfeld. Crossing Beaver Creek is necessary to access Wiki Peak. The creek can be high and dangerous or easily crossed depending on time of year and weather.</p><br>
<h2>Obsidian</h2><br>
<p>Wiki Peak obsidian was used by humans as early as 13,400 cal BP. Such obsidian was recovered at the Broken Mammoth site. Such obsidian was also used at the Walker Road, Alaska, site, and Moose Creek, Alaska, site in the same area—all dating to before 13,000 cal BP.</p><br>
<p>"The Wiki Peak obsidian source is in the Nutzotin Mountains (Wrangell-St Elias National Park). An investigation of the Wiki Peak obsidian source was conducted in the past decade, and over 65 archaeological sites were recorded in a survey of the immediate area. The high concentration of sites is typical for other obsidian source areas in Alaska and northwest Canada, with few exceptions.</p><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church is a historic church building in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. It was organized on January 7, 1828, by thirteen men who elected the first vestry that night. In the first year, the vestry hired the architect William Nichols to design the building and oversee its construction. The building was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on July 28, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lot was purchased from the Masons for $150.00, and the cost of the building was $1,700.00. Twenty-five pews were placed in the church and were sold for bids ranging from $75 to $150 or were rented for $8 a year. This was the only source of income at the time. The building was completed, and on April 12, 1831, the University of Alabama held charter ceremonies here. Additions and changes to the church building have taken place over the years: in 1882 the building was enlarged and remodeled from Greek Revival to Gothic Revival style, and the bell tower was added. An organ was installed in 1830 when the building was finished, but in 1941 the console was moved from the south to the north side of the chancel. The parish hall and rectory were begun in 1906, but in 1952 the old rectory was torn down and ground was broken for the chapel and education building. In 1984 a narthex was added on the west end of the nave to protect the church from street noise, and at the same time, a cloistered walk was built from the education building and the bell tower. Today Christ Church is the oldest church in the diocese. Thirty-five stained glass windows add colorful inspiration to the buildings on the property: seventeen in the main church, eight in the parish hall, six in the chapel, four in the narthex and a domed ceiling in the chancel. The Rev. William H. Judd was the first priest to serve Christ Church.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lee is a peak in the Santa Monica Mountains, located in Griffith Park in Los Angeles, California, USA. The famous Hollywood Sign is located on its southern slope. A good view of it can be had by driving north up Gower Street from Hollywood Boulevard to see the sign directly ahead, and then north along Beachwood Drive. One can also take Franklin Ave. directly to Beachwood; this is the location of the Hollywoodland suburb for which the sign was created.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original unnamed peak was one of the "three sisters" along with Cahuenga and Burbank peaks, the current flattened top being a result of silent movie pioneer Mack Sennett&#39;s unfulfilled plans to build an elaborate home on the property.</p><br>
<p>To advertise the new Beachwood Canyon real estate development, the developers, including Sennett and Los Angeles Times publisher Harry Chandler, ordered a huge wooden sign built atop what is now known as Mount Lee. The mountain is named after early Los Angeles car dealer and radio station owner Don Lee. Lee, a one-time bicycle shop owner who became a protégé of Los Angeles pioneer businessman Earle C. Anthony, purchased his Los Angeles radio station KHJ from Chandler in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Four years later Lee began experimenting with television using call letter W6XAO. Studios were on the seventh floor of a building at Seventh and Bixel near his Cadillac dealership. Within a short time the transmitter was moved atop what is now called Mount Lee. An early reference to this name is in a June 1939 article in a magazine published by the California Chamber of Commerce: “Lee has bought a 20-acre site on a mountain top at the eastern boundary of Griffith Park, widening the transmission field of the Don Lee equipment to take in new thousands of homes in the Hollywood hills and the San Fernando Valley. The site is one and a half times higher than the top floor of the Empire State Building in New York. Mount Lee is thus the highest television location in the world. The transmitter is being rebuilt for installation on the mountain.”</p><br>
<p>According to Wikimapia the immediate seller was not the original development company, but Sennett personally, "who wasnt doing too well in the post-silent Hollywood era and really needed the money." Lee was the first of what would become three active pre-World War II Los Angeles television pioneers. The others were Paramount Studios W6XYZ (later called KTLA) and Lee’s mentor Earle C Anthonys W6XEA (later called KSEE, KFI-TV, KHJ-TV and now operating as KCAL). Lees W6XAO eventually became KTSL – standing for Thomas S. Lee, who had succeeded to his father’s position when Don Lee died in 1934. KTSL was purchased by CBS in 1950 and became KNXT, today&#39;s KCBS-TV.</p><br>
<p>Lee’s television head was Harry Lubcke. Paramount had Klaus Landsburg and Anthony had the venerable KFI radio dual chief engineer team of Headly Blatterman/George Mason. All three recognized that television signals from Mount Lee and similar points were inadequate to reach the greater Los Angeles basin. They needed a point overlooking the entire area. Part of Mount Lee was then sold to Howard Hughes, who intended to erect an estate for his then-current love interest, Ginger Rogers. Ultimately, the Hughes-Rogers relationship soured, and the mansion was never built.</p><br>
<p>After utilization during the war by the USA Army, the property remained an idle asset for decades, and eventually became part of the Hughes estate. Meanwhile, the three Los Angeles television pioneers were scouting out a more suitable location. Television experimentation was slowed considerably during the war but post-war preparations continued. The new site was code named “Mt. Anthony” in KFI-AM house organs of the day. After hostilities ended it turned out that Mt. Anthony was really Mt. Wilson – which is now the site of most Los Angeles FM and television stations due to its superior height.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lee continues to be the site of various non-commercial radio activities, but television transmissions ceased from that location in October, 1951.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the Hughes estate sold 138 acre of their Mount Lee holdings to a group of Chicago investors. This opened up the possibility of development of four residential buildings adjacent to the sign. Many Angelenos, especially those in the movie industry, felt this would be sacrilege. A successful effort was mounted in 2010 to raise funds to purchase the land and add it to the adjacent Griffith Park.</p><br>
<p>The large tower atop Mount Lee today is owned and operated by the City of Los Angeles. It is a newer structure which replaced the original W6XAO tower some years ago. Smaller tenants on the site have included some federal government and amateur radio users.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Mount Lee can be hiked; however, the immediate area where the Hollywood Sign is located is closed to the public since the area is a high-risk fire zone.</p><br>
<p>Trails leading to the Hollywood Sign can be accessed from official Griffith Park entrances. These include the Mt. Hollywood Trail, which starts at Griffith Observatory off Vermont Canyon Road, and the Bronson Canyon / Brush Canyon Trail (3200 Canyon Drive, Los Angeles, CA).</p><br>
<h3>Griffith Park</h3><br>
<p>Because Mount Lees hiking trails and fire roads are part of Griffith Park, its easy to get lost and be redirected. Maps of the trails and the land around the hills should be studied before attempting to hike the area for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Lake Volvi  is located in the root of the Chalkidiki peninsula, in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Lake Volvi is the second largest lake in Greece. It is about 12 mi in length, and 6 or wide. The area is 68 km² and the depth is 20 m. It is located east of Lake Koronia .</p><br>
<p>The new Via Egnatia highway runs along the northern shore of the lake, while the ancient road ran along its southern one. On its east the narrow valley of Rentina, also known as the "Macedonian Tempe". The municipalities of Volvi and Langadas have a shore on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>About a million years ago, Lake Volvi along with Lake Koronia and the entire Mygdonia was a huge lake.</p><br>
<p>In the antic description by Thucydides Bolbe was the name of a lake in Mygdonia, located at no great distance from the Aegean Sea. The lake emptied itself into the Strymon Gulf by means of a stream flowing through the pass once known as Aulon or Arethusa. The name of the stream is not mentioned by in the description, but it is evidently the same as the Erechios (Romanized as Rechius) in Procopius (de Aedificiis, 4.4). Among the smaller streams flowing into the lake we find mention of the Ammites and the Olynthiakos. The perch (labrach) of the lake were particularly admired by the gastronomic poet Archestratus.</p><br>
<p>During the Ottoman rule the name of the lake was called بشيك كولى "Beşik Gölü" (lit. Cradle Lake).</p><br>
<p>There was also a town named Bolbos (Romanized as Bolbus) located near the lake. Today, there are two towns (villages) incorporating Vólvi in their name, situated along the lake. It is not known exactly if any of these modern towns correspond to the site of ancient Bolbos.</p><br>
<p>ргхфдс</p><br>
<p>The Nggela Islands, also known as the Florida Islands, are a small island group in the Central Province of Solomon Islands, a sovereign state  in the southwest Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The chain is composed of four larger islands and about 50 smaller islands.</p><br>
<p>Many of the smaller islands have white coral beaches. North of Nggela Sule is Anuha, and just off the southwest coast of Nggela Sule is Tulagi. the capital of Central Province. Other islands include Gavutu and Tanambogo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded sighting by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña on 16 April 1568. More precisely the sighting was due to a local voyage done by a small boat, in the accounts the brigantine Santiago, commanded by Maestre de campo Pedro Ortega Valencia and having Hernán Gallego as pilot. They were who charted it as "Pascua Florida" (from the festival of that name) from where its present-day name "Florida" derives. Tulagi in Nggela Sule was the seat of the administration of the British Solomon Islands prior to the 1942 Japanese invasion in World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Nggela Islands group lies immediately north of the more famous island of Guadalcanal, the scene of the Guadalcanal Campaign during World War II; however, Nggela Sule itself was garrisoned by the Japanese in April 1942 in connection with their efforts to establish a seaplane base on neighbouring Gavutu. On 7 August of the same year, the United States 1st Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment landed on the island to provide cover for the assault on the neighbouring Tulagi islet. Florida Island served as a small, secondary base of operations for the US and Australian and New Zealand war effort in the Pacific for the duration of the war. Following the Allied liberation of the island from the Japanese, it became the site of a US seaplane base. The island subsequently served as a watering point for the US Navy, diverting water from an underground source on the island.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the British administration moved to Honiara, Guadalcanal.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Florida naked-tailed rat — possibly extinct — was endemic to the Nggela Islands. The black rat was introduced.</p><br>
<p>Other animals include:</p><br>
<p>dark sheath-tailed bat</p><br>
<p>diadem leaf-nosed bat</p><br>
<p>dwarf flying fox</p><br>
<p>Geoffroy&#39;s rousette</p><br>
<p>great bent-winged bat</p><br>
<p>island tube-nosed fruit bat</p><br>
<p>long-tongued nectar bat</p><br>
<p>Solomon&#39;s naked-backed fruit bat</p><br>
<p>Woodford&#39;s fruit bat</p><br>
<p>Karamu House in the Fairfax neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is the oldest African-American theater in the United States. Many of Langston Hughes&#39;s plays were developed and premièred at the theater.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1915, Russell and Rowena Woodham Jelliffe, graduates of Oberlin College in nearby Oberlin, Ohio, founded what was then called The Neighborhood Assn. at 2239 E. 38th St. establishing it as a place where people of all races, creeds and religions could find common ground. The Jelliffes discovered in their early years, that the arts provided the perfect common ground, and in 1917 plays at the "Playhouse Settlement" began.</p><br>
<p>The early twenties saw a large number of African Americans move into an area in Cleveland, from the Southern United States. Resisting pressure to exclude their new neighbors, the Jelliffes insisted that all races were welcome. They used the United States Constitution; “all men are created equal”. What was then called the Playhouse Settlement quickly became a magnet for some of the best African American artists of the day. Actors, dancers, print makers and writers all found a place where they could practice their crafts. Karamu was also a contributor to the Harlem Renaissance, and Langston Hughes roamed the halls constantly.</p><br>
<p>Reflecting the strength of the Black influence on its development, the Playhouse Settlement was officially renamed Karamu House in 1941. Karamu is a word in the Kiswahili language meaning "a place of joyful gathering". It is a place where families could gather, share stories, feast, and enjoy. Karamu has a tradition of allowing the audience to meet, and greet actors in a reception line, the "gathering place" extends itself into the community through such face to face encounters.</p><br>
<p>The original Drama/Theatre for Youth (DT/Y), now called "TOPS" was modeled after a Colorado program, under the direction of Jeff Gruszewski. DT/Y was formed in 1987, and toured to hundreds of schools in Cuyahoga, Summit, Elyria, Erie, and Lorain counties. The original company consisted of Abdullah Bey, Susan Benson, Renee Matthews-Jackson, David Reichhold, and Jerry Urick. From 1987 to present day, there have been 23 different ensemble tour companies.</p><br>
<p>Karamu House had developed a reputation for nurturing black actors having carried on the mission of the Gilpin Players, a black acting troupe whose heyday predated Karamu. Directors such as John Kenley, of the Kenley Players, and John Price, of Musicarnival — a music "tent" theater located in Warrensville Heights, Ohio, a Cleveland suburb — recruited black actors for their professional productions.,</p><br>
<p>In 1931, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston were negotiating with the Jelliffes to produce Mule Bone, their two act collaboration, when the two writers "fell out". A series of conversations between the Hughes and Hurston estates, the Ethel Barrymore Theatre presented the world premiere of Mule Bone on Broadway in 1991. Finally, sixty-five years after the production was originally proposed, Karamu House presented Mule Bone (The Bone Of Contention) as the 1996-1997 season finale. Karamus production, directed by Sarah May, played to standing room only audiences in the Proscenium (Jelliffe) Theatre. The by-line in The Plain Dealer, as the Cleveland theatre season came to its end read: "Karamu returns to Harlem Renaissance status". Critic Marianne Evett shared Karamus success story as the theatre began to recover from past hardships. The revival Karamu House needed so desperately had arrived. During this time, playwright and two time Emmy nominee Margaret Ford-Taylor held the position of Executive Director, and Sarah May, Artistic Director.</p><br>
<p>Since October 2003, Terrence Spivey has served as Karamu&#39;s artistic director.</p><br>
<h2>Langston Hughes involvement</h2><br>
<p>Langston Hughes had a special relationship with Karamu Theatre. Born in St. Louis, Hughes early life moved to Cleveland, where he attended Karamu programs and classes; after he left Ohio, he kept in touch with the director, Rowena Jelliffe, and the Gilpin Players, who produced a number of his plays, including the premiers of When the Jack Hollars (1936), Troubled Island (1936), and Joy to My Soul&#39;. In an interview with Reuben Silver of Karamu, Hughes said:</p><br>
<p>"It is a cultural shame that a great country like America, with twenty million people of color, has no primarily serious colored theatre.</p><br>
<p>There isn&#39;t. Karamu is the very nearest thing to it. My feeling is not only should a Negro theatre, if we want to use that term, do plays</p><br>
<p>by and about Negroes, but it should do plays slanted toward the community in which it exists. It should be in a primarily Negro</p><br>
<p>community since that is the way our racial life in America is still...It should not be a theatre that should be afraid to do a Negro folk</p><br>
<p>play about people who are perhaps not very well-educated because some of the intellectuals, or "intellectuals" in quotes, are ashamed</p><br>
<p>of such material"</p><br>
<p>By 1940, according to Hughess biographer Arnold Rampersad, "Langston consigned all his skits and sketches, divided into three classes—Negro Social, Negro, Negro Non-Social, and white—to his agent, who had alerted him that Cafe Society, a novel interracial cabaret founded in New York by Barney Josephson, was planning a revue. Hughes sent twenty skits, collectively titled Run, Ghost, Run. He also sent a copy to Karamu; there is no record that the revue was staged there or anywhere. Three of those skits appear here in print for the first time, and these three may have been produced by the Suitcase Theatre (135 performances), at different times Hughes added to the program a short satirical skit: Limitations of Life, or Little Eva&#39;...(331-332).</p><br>
<h2>Recent</h2><br>
<p>Karamu offers art experiences for people of all ages through a variety of programs. The three primary program areas are the Early Childhood Development Center, the Center of Arts and Education, and the Karamu Performing Arts Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Sharon Williford (actress/singer) was groomed by Karamu. She appeared in Singin and Shoutin (Mike Malone), First Breeze of Summer (Leslie Lee) and In the Wine Time (1987) Don Evans.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>On December 17, 1982, Karamu was listed in the USA National Register of Historic Places, and received an Ohio Historical Marker on June 16, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Notable acting alumni</h2><br>
<p>Bill Cobbs (born June 16, 1934) - film, television, stage, directing, master workshops</p><br>
<p>Minnie Gentry (1915&ndash;1993) — a Broadway, film and television actress</p><br>
<p>Robert Guillaume (born November 30, 1927) — a film, stage and television actor best known for starring — in the late 1970s&ndash;mid 1980s — in the television situation-comedy series Soap and its spin-off series Benson</p><br>
<p>Margaret Ford-Taylor, (born January 6) - film, television, stage, writer, director, two-time Emmy nominee</p><br>
<p>Dick Latessa (born 1929) — a film, stage and television actor who won the 2003 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical for his role in Hairspray</p><br>
<p>Ron O&#39;Neal (1937&ndash;2004) — an actor, film director and screenwriter who appeared in many blaxploitation films in the 1970s</p><br>
<p>Al Kirk, Broadway and Film Actor "Shaft" "Golden Boy" with Sammy Davis Jr.</p><br>
<p>Dave Connell, Broadway and Film Actor "Great White Hope" Five Films also Arena Stage Resident Actor</p><br>
<p>Vaness Bell-Calloway, born in 1956. Vanessa performed in Karamu&#39;s theater and modern dance departments. She earned a spot in the chorus of the Broadway musical, Dream Girls</p><br>
<p>Playhouse Square is a theater district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. It is the largest performing arts center in the United States outside of New York.  Constructed in a span of 19 months in the early 1920s, the theaters were subsequently closed down, but were revived through a grassroots effort. Their renovation and reopening helped usher in a new era of downtown revitalization in Cleveland, and was called "one of the top ten successes in Cleveland history."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Following World War I, local developer Joseph Laronge, who had previously opened the Stillman movie house on East 12th street, envisioned a row of theaters on Euclid Avenue between East 14th and East 17th streets. Laronge and New York City business magnate Marcus Loew, among others, founded a partnership called Loew’s Ohio Theatres to develop the area.</p><br>
<p>The organization’s first two theaters, the Ohio and State (now known as the KeyBank State), were designed by eminent architect Thomas W. Lamb in the Italianate style. It was considered essential for the theaters&#39; marquees to face Euclid Avenue, but because of space constraints the State Theatre was built at the back of the lot, although its lobby shares the Euclid frontage with the Ohio Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Across Euclid Avenue, Charles A. Platt&#39;s Hanna Theatre, part of the Hanna Building complex, opened in late March 1921. Although the theater faces East 14th Street, it is still part of Playhouse Square. It was named for the prominent Cleveland Senator Mark Hanna.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the Bulkley Building housing the C. Howard Crane-designed Allen Theatre was being built next door. Completed in early April 1921, Jules and Jay Allens Pompeiian-style theater was sold to Loews in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The last theater to be constructed was the Palace Theatre, now known as the Connor Palace, opening in November 1922 in the Keith Building, which at the time was the tallest in Cleveland. There was a great promotion for the theater’s opening: the</p><br>
<p>largest electric sign in the world was turned on to show that the Palace was open for business. Built by Edward F. Albee in honor of his friend and business partner, B.F.Keith, the Palace was billed as the “Showplace of the World.” Headlining the opener was America’s favorite mimic, Elsie Janis, who shared billing with Eduardo Cansino, Rita Hayworth’s father. Albee invested over $2 million in the vaudeville venue, which became known as the “…swankiest theater in the country.”</p><br>
<p>Designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Rapp and Rapp, the Palace was a regional flagship of the Keith-Albee chain of vaudeville theaters.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the theaters soon became known unofficially as “Playhouse Square.” The Euclid Square Association, a civic group, tried to rename the district “Euclid Square,” although these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. The area is now officially designated as "Playhouse Square."</p><br>
<h3>Closing and rebirth</h3><br>
<p>The theaters successfully showed a variety of serious theater, vaudeville shows, and movies for more than forty years. However, during the years following World War II, suburbanization and the rise of television led to the decline of the theaters. Fire broke out in the Ohio in 1964, and the other Playhouse Square theaters were struck by vandalism. Between May 1968 and July 1969, all the theaters closed except the Hanna.</p><br>
<p>Plans to reopen and restore the theaters began almost immediately. In 1970, Raymond K. Shepardson, a Cleveland Public Schools employee, formed a non-profit group named the “Playhouse Square Association” with the Junior League of Cleveland, Inc. The cover of the February 27, 1970 issue of Life was a two-page pull-out of James H. Daughertys The Spirit of Cinema America, a mural in the State Theatres lobby.</p><br>
<p>Plans to raze the Ohio and the State Theatres in 1972 and 1977 caused a public outcry, and in 1973 the newly formed Playhouse Square Foundation obtained long-term leases for the Palace, Ohio and State Theatres, while Cuyahoga County commissioners purchased the Loews Building. Also in 1973, the musical revue Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris opened in the State Theatre lobby. Expected to run two weeks, the show instead played for two and a half years. In 1978, Playhouse Square was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>Emboldened by the unprecedented success of Jacques Brel, restoration of the theaters began in earnest. Various public-private partnerships collected some $40 million for the project.</p><br>
<p>Because of extensive fire damage, the Ohio Theatre was originally intended to be the last of the theaters to undergo renovation, but those plans were accelerated so that the theater could become the home of the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival, now Great Lakes Theater. The $4 million project was begun at the end of 1981 and completed in less than nine months. Work began on the State Theatre in May 1979, and was completed in the summer of 1984, after the addition of a new $7 million stagehouse. Renovation of the theater&#39;s three lobbies was completed in 1987. Restoration of the Palace Theatre began in 1987, and was finished the following year. As part of the project, expanded parking facilities were added to the complex.</p><br>
<p>Reconstruction of the Allen Theatre lagged behind the rest, partly because some felt that three theaters were enough for the district. However, in 1993 the Playhouse Square Foundation agreed to rent the theater with the intention of purchasing it, which it did in 1997. This acquisition made Playhouse Square the largest performing arts complex outside of New York in the United States, with more than 10,000 seats. The Allen re-opened in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Although the Hanna Theatre was the only one of the group not to close in 1968 or 1969, it was overshadowed by the revitalization of the Euclid Avenue theaters during the 1980s, and closed in 1989. However, the Hanna reopened in March 1996 – the 75th anniversary of its original opening. In 1999, the Playhouse Square Foundation acquired the Hanna, making it the fifth and last of the original theaters to be purchased by the foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Cleveland Theater District Development Corporation (CTDDC), now the Playhouse Square District Development Corporation (PDDC), was established in 1998 as a business improvement district to foster development in the theater district.</p><br>
<h3>Recent</h3><br>
<p>The reopening of the State, Ohio and Palace Theatres encouraged further development at Playhouse Square, including the $40 million Renaissance Office Building and a Wyndham Hotel at Playhouse Square.</p><br>
<p>In an unprecedented move for a not-for-profit performing arts center, Playhouse Square established a Real Estate Services Division in 1999 to support the organization’s arts operations. Playhouse Square is active in area development in order to give visitors a lively, welcoming and entertaining destination, while also creating a neighborhood with a robust business environment.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Playhouse Square opened the 14th Street Theatre as a home for Second City Cleveland and a venue for improvisational comedy, musical comedy and avant-garde fare, often for extended runs. The venue was closed in 2013 and transformed into the private dining space Cibreo Privato, part of the Italian restaurant Cibreo operated by Driftwood Restaurant Group.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the area of East 14th Street near Playhouse Square was renamed Memory Lane-Bob Hope Way in honor of the longtime Cleveland resident to commemorate the entertainer&#39;s 100th birthday.</p><br>
<p>Playhouse Square and Clevelands public broadcasting stations conducted a joint capital campaign to transform the One Playhouse Square Building into the Idea Center at Playhouse Square. Opened in 2005, it is now the home for Playhouse Squares community engagement and education programs and the downtown headquarters for Cleveland radio stations WCPN and WCLV, as well as TV station WVIZ, incorporated together as ideastream.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the HealthLine opened with a station at Playhouse Square. The line connects Public Square to University Circle via the Cleveland Clinic.</p><br>
<p>Also in 2008, the Hanna Theatre underwent a thorough renovation with improvements to its stage including a new hydraulic lift system. The Hanna is now home to Great Lakes Theater, Cleveland&#39;s classic theater company which previously performed at the Ohio Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Through a collaboration called “The Power of Three,” Cleveland Play House, Cleveland State University and Playhouse Square partnered to create the Allen Theatre Complex, featuring a reconfigured Allen Theatre (re-opened 2011) and two new theaters that opened in 2012. Cleveland Play House and Cleveland State Universitys Department of Theatre and Dance are now resident companies at Playhouse Square. The Cleveland Play House administrative offices and all of Cleveland State Universitys arts programs are now located in the Middough Building on Playhouse Square&#39;s campus, adding to the vibrancy of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Playhouse Square welcomes more than 1 million guests to 1,000+ performances and events each year. Its KeyBank Broadway Series season ticket holder base (more than 32,000) is the largest in the country, making Cleveland one of fewer than 10 markets that can support a three-week run of a touring Broadway show.</p><br>
<p>Improvements to the Playhouse Square neighborhood - including a digital signage network, upgrades to USA Bank Plaza, a retro signage feature and the GE Chandelier, the world&#39;s largest outdoor chandelier, located above the intersection of Euclid Avenue and East 14th Street - were completed between April 2013 and April 2014, culminating in a ceremony on May 2, 2014 entitled "Dazzle the District." In 2014 a $100 million capital fund campaign was initiated with a $9 miilion gift from the Chris Connor family of Cleveland. In honor of their gift the Palace Theatre was renamed Connor Palace. In honor of a $10 million gift from KeyBank in 2017, the State Theatre was renamed KeyBank State Theatre.</p><br>
<h2>List of theaters</h2><br>
<p>Allen Theatre</p><br>
<p>Connor Palace</p><br>
<p>Hanna Theatre</p><br>
<p>The Helen Rosenfeld Lewis Bialosky Lab Theatre</p><br>
<p>Kennedy&#39;s Cabaret</p><br>
<p>KeyBank State Theatre</p><br>
<p>Ohio Theatre</p><br>
<p>Outcalt Theatre</p><br>
<p>Westfield Insurance Studio Theatre</p><br>
<h2>List of resident companies</h2><br>
<p>Cleveland Play House (Allen Theatre)</p><br>
<p>Cleveland State University Department of Theatre and Dance (Allen Theatre)</p><br>
<p>DANCECleveland</p><br>
<p>Great Lakes Theater (Hanna Theatre)</p><br>
<p>Tri-C Jazz Fest</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Boston is the historic cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. Located at 138 Tremont Street near Downtown Crossing, directly across from Boston Common and Park Street Station, the cathedral is adjacent to the diocesan offices. The acting dean of the cathedral is the Rev. Nancy Gossling, following the retirement of the Rev. Jep Streit in February 2017. The church, designed by Alexander Parris and Solomon Willard and built in 1819, was the first Greek Revival church in New England, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>19th century</h2><br>
<p>St. Pauls was founded in 1819. when there were two other Episcopal parishes in Boston, Christ Church (better known as Old North Church), and Trinity Church. Both had been founded before the American Revolution as part of the Church of England. The founders of St. Pauls wanted a totally American parish in Boston.</p><br>
<p>Unusually for that time, for a church building, St. Paul&#39;s was built in the Greek revival style. Its architects were Alexander Parris, best known for Quincy Market, and Solomon Willard, best known for the Bunker Hill Monument. Its granite exterior and sandstone temple front have changed little since its construction. A carving of St. Paul preaching before King Agrippa II was intended to be placed in the pediment over the entrance but was never executed.</p><br>
<p>Congregants included Daniel Webster.</p><br>
<h2>20th century</h2><br>
<p>In 1912, after its neighborhood had become mainly non-residential, the diocese named St. Pauls as its cathedral. Then its chancel was remodeled with a coffered and gilded half-dome, elaborately carved wood reredos, a chancel organ and choir benches. The new chancels architect was Ralph Adams Cram, known for such landmark Gothic churches as All Saints&#39;, in the Ashmont neighborhood of Boston and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City.</p><br>
<p>From the 1880s to 1980, St. Pauls had a choir of men and boys, who sang introits, hymns and anthems at Sunday morning worship services. Their founding choirmaster was Warren Andrew Locke, concurrently the organist and choirmaster at Harvard University from 1882 to 1910. The choirs final organist and choirmaster was Thomas Murray, who later became University Organist and Professor of Music at Yale University.</p><br>
<h2>Ministers</h2><br>
<p>Sam Jarvis, 1820–1825</p><br>
<p>Alonzo Potter, 1826–1831</p><br>
<p>John S. Stone, 1832–1841</p><br>
<p>Alexander Vinton, 1842–1858</p><br>
<p>William Nicholson, c. 1860s</p><br>
<p>Treadwell Walden, c. 1870s</p><br>
<p>William Newton, 1877–1882</p><br>
<p>Frederick Courtney, c. 1880s</p><br>
<p>The Rhône Glacier  is a glacier in the Swiss Alps and the source of the river Rhône and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the Swiss canton of Valais. Because the Glacier is located close to the Furka Pass road it is easily accessible.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Rhône Glacier is the largest glacier in the Urner Alps. It lies on the south side of the range at the source of the Rhône. The Undri Triftlimi (3,081 m) connects it to the Trift Glacier. The glacier is located on the northernmost part of the canton of Valais, between the Grimsel Pass and the Furka Pass and is part of the Oberwald municipality. The Dammastock (3,630 m) is the highest summit above the glacier. During most of the past 11,000 years it was smaller than it is now.</p><br>
<h2>Evolution</h2><br>
<p>Vertical axis: length difference in meters</p><br>
<p>Horizontal axis: years</p><br>
<p>In thick green: cumulated length difference starting 1879</p><br>
<p>In thin red: growth during one year</p><br>
<p>The Rhône Glacier is easily accessible so its evolution is observed since the 19th century. The glacier lost ~1300 m during the last 120 years leaving behind a track of naked stone.</p><br>
<p>The Grimsel Pass  is a mountain pass in Switzerland, crossing the Bernese Alps at an elevation of 2,164 m. The pass connects the Haslital, the upper valley of the river Aare, with the upper valley of the Rhône. In so doing, and as the Aare is a tributary of the Rhine, the pass crosses the continental divide between the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<p>A paved road follows the pass, running 38 km from Gletsch to Meiringen. The road is normally closed between October and May, due to the high snowfall on the pass. As it is the only direct road pass between the cantons of Bern and Valais across the Bernese Alps, attempts are made to keep the road open as long as possible with snow ploughs. A PostBus Switzerland service uses the pass several times a day, connecting Meiringen and Oberwald.</p><br>
<p>The Grimsel Pass road is part of the Aare Route, which is national cycle route 8 of Switzerland. It has been used on several occasions by the Tour de Suisse.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first fully documented use of the Grimsel Pass dates back to the 14th century, although it has been suggested that the pass was used in Roman times and also, in 1211, by troops of Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen. In 1397, the Landschaften of Pomat, Goms and Hasli, and the cities of Interlaken, Thun and Bern, signed an agreement in which it was agreed to provide for free and secure trade by the mule track over the Grimsel.</p><br>
<p>The Grimsel Pass formed, along with the Nufenen and Gries passes, a regional trade route between the Haslital and Domodossola and the Lombardy plain. Cheese and cattle were sent south, whilst wine, rice, corn and olive oil came north. This trade continued until the opening of the Gotthard railway in 1882.</p><br>
<p>The track over the pass was not upgraded to a paved road until 1894. Between the 1920s and the 1950s, several hydro-electric power plants were constructed in the area around the pass by Kraftwerke Oberhasli (KWO), which resulted in the expansion and diversion of the pass road. The KWO now promotes the pass and surrounding area as a visitor attraction, as part of its Grimselwelt tourism brand.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Grimsel Pass connects the cantons of Bern, to the north, and Valais, to the south, with the summit of the pass lying on the cantonal boundary. The northern slopes of the pass are in the Bernese municipality of Guttannen, whilst the southern slopes are within the Valais municipality of Obergoms.</p><br>
<p>The approach to the Grimsel Pass from the north commences in the small town of Meiringen (595 m), from where access is possible down the Aare valley to Interlaken and Bern, and across the Brünig Pass to Obwalden and Lucerne. The approach passes the village of Innertkirchen (625 m), where the road to the Susten Pass diverges, and continues alongside the Aare to Guttannen (1,057 m).</p><br>
<p>Beyond Guttannen, and still following the river, the road passes a pair of short tunnels to Handegg (1,378 m), where the lower station of the Gelmerbahn funicular, the steepest in Switzerland, is located. After Handegg the road climbs through several hairpin bends and an 850 m tunnel to the Räterichsbodensee reservoir. A further climb brings the road to the Grimselsee reservoir and the Grimsel Hospice (1,980 m). Here the final climb to the summit commences, with several more sweeping hairpin bends.</p><br>
<p>At the summit, are several hotels and an extensive area of parking. Here the road runs alongside the Totesee (2,160 m), a natural lake that has been enlarged into a reservoir. To the west of the pass and lake is the peak of the Sidelhorn (2,764 m), whilst to the east is the mountain range Schafberg (2,481 m).</p><br>
<p>From the Totesee the pass road descends steeply through more hairpin bends to Gletsch(1,759 m) in the most upper valley of the Rhône, the Obergoms. Here connection is made with the Furka Pass, connecting with the canton of Uri, as well as the lower level route down the Rhône valley towards Brig through the Goms. A short distance down the Goms are Oberwald (1,377 m) and Ulrichen (1,346 m). At the latter, a junction is made with Nufenen Pass, into the canton of Ticino, and the Gries Pass, to Domodossola in Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Due to the high altitude of the pass, and its continental location, the climate is cool or cold all year round, and receives a fair amount of precipitation year round (the majority of which is snow). Snow usually falls from late September until late June, although during cool spells, it can snow at the height of summer. Most years, permanent snow fields remain at the pass, due to the</p><br>
<p>temperature rarely rising above 15 °C. This area has a long winter season, with little precipitation mostly in the form of snow, and low humidity. The Köppen climate classification classifies the climate here as subarctic, and abbreviates this as Dfc.</p><br>
<p>The Kamo River is located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The riverbanks are popular walking spots for residents and tourists. In summer, restaurants open balconies looking out to the river. There are pathways running alongside the river on which one can walk along the river, and some stepping stones that cross the river. The water level of the river is usually relatively low; less than one meter in most places. During the rainy season, however, the pathways sometimes flood in their lower stretches.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Kamo River has its source in the mountains in the area of Mount Sajikigatake, around the boundary of Kumogahata village and Keihoku village in the northern ward of Kyoto. Flowing into the Kyoto Basin from the city area called Kamigamo in the same northern ward of the city, from there it bends south-east and, around the spot known as Demachi in the Kamigyō (or "Upper Kyoto" ward), joins with the Takano River which flows down from the northeastern direction, and there changes direction to due south through Kyoto&#39;s Nakagyō ("Central") ward. In the vicinity of the Shijō Bridge at Shijō Street in the center of downtown Kyoto, the Shirakawa River joins with it. At its southern part, the Horikawa River and West Takase River join with it, and at Shimomukōjima-cho in the Shimotoba part of Fushimi Ward of Kyoto City, it joins with the Katsura River, to become a tributary of the Yodo River.</p><br>
<p>There is a theory that in former times the main stream of the Kamo River was along the Horikawa river about 1 km. North of Misono Bridge, and when the Heian Capital (now Kyoto) was established, the river was diverted to its present route. According to historian Herbert E. Plutschow, "To allow a river to flow through and thereby divide a capital would have symbolized potential disunity of the nation. One of the first tasks, therefore, in laying out the new capital was to divert the rivers. The Kamo River once flowed through what is now Horikawa Street and met the Takano River south of their present confluence. Thus, large-scale works were required to prepare the land for the capital. The city was laid with its northernmost boundary at the present confluence of the Kamo and Takano rivers (just south of today&#39;s Imadegawa Street)."</p><br>
<p>The riverbanks where the Kamo River and Takano River join are known as the Tadasu River Banks (Jp., Tadasu-gawara 糺河原). At the triangular area of land here, there is the "River Confluence" shrine of Shimogamo Shrine, which leads into the forested area, Tadasu-no-mori.</p><br>
<h2>Onomastics</h2><br>
<p>In Japanese the river is called Kamo-gawa, officially written using the kanji compound 鴨川. The first kanji means "wild duck" and is read kamo, and the second kanji means "river" and is read gawa. However, other kanji applied to this name are 賀茂川 or 加茂川. The first appearance in historical documents of the kanji 賀茂川 is in the Yamashiro no kuni fudoki (山城国風土記). In an entry dated the 19th day of the 6th month of 815 in the history Nihonkiryaku (日本記略), it is referred to as 鴨川. Now, the river north of where it joins with the Takano River is usually distinguished as the 加茂川 when written in kanji, and the river south of there is distinguished as the 鴨川.</p><br>
<p>The geographical area called Kamigamo, around the mouth of the valley leading into the Kyoto Basin, became the home grounds of the Kamo (賀茂) clan in ancient times. From this, there arose the regional name Otagi Region Kamo Block (愛宕郡賀茂郷), and consequently the geographical name Kamo (賀茂) set down roots. The river name took after this geographical name.</p><br>
<p>From the Deai Bridge until the Iwaya Bridge north of Kyoto city it is called Kumogahatagawa (雲が畑川) as it passes through the Kumogahata village. North of the Iwaya Bridge until its source the Kamo River is known as Ojitanigawa (祖父谷川).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the palace at the new Heian Capital (now Kyoto) was constructed at the end of the 8th century, the river&#39;s course was altered to flow east of the palace.</p><br>
<p>Floods often threatened the ancient capital. Emperor Shirakawa recited his three unmanageable things: Sōhei (armed monks of Enryaku-ji), dice, and the water of the Kamo River. These days, however, the riverbanks are reinforced with concrete and have improved drainage systems. The merchant Suminokura Ryōi constructed the Takase River on a parallel with the Kamo River in early 17th century. Transportation was done on the canal instead of the unstable mainstream.</p><br>
<p>The encounter between Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Benkei at Gojō Bridge (not the present one, but presumably Matsubara Bridge) over the river is a famous legend set in the late Heian period. Sanjō Bridge was regarded as the west end of the Tōkaidō during the Edo period.</p><br>
<p>In the past, the river was a crucial source of relatively pure drinking water for Kyoto residents. It also played a role in Kyo-Yuzen dyeing, a famous craft of Kyoto.</p><br>
<p>The river is also the source of the stone that is a glaze ingredient used in traditional Japanese raku pottery.</p><br>
<p>The Blithewold Mansion, Gardens and Arboretum is an arboretum of 13 hectare, located at 101 Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island, midway between Newport and Providence, Rhode Island, on Bristol Harbor with views over Narragansett Bay. It includes a mansion, with a 4 hectare lawn and over 300 species of woody plants in its arboretum and gardens, including both native and exotic species.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion and its grounds were established in the 1890s by Augustus and Bessie Van Wickle as their summer retreat. Augustus Van Wickle was from Hazleton, Pennsylvania, with a fortune in the coal-mining business, and donor of the Van Wickle gates at Brown University. Today&#39;s grounds are primarily the design of John DeWolf, and date between 1896 and 1913. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Blithwolds grounds include species from North America, Europe, China and Japan. Specimen trees include magnolia (Magnolia spp.), linden (Tilia spp.), Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), Franklinia (Franklinia alatamaha), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), various oaks (Quercus spp.) and beeches (Fagus spp.). Other notable trees include a weeping Pagoda Tree (Styphnolobium japonicum Pendula&#39;), Hiba (Thujopsis dolobrata), Katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum), and Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica). The grounds also include English Yews (Taxus baccata) and Eastern Junipers (Juniperus virginiana), as well as what is claimed to be the largest Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) on the East Coast, planted in 1911, and currently about 100 ft tall.</p><br>
<p>Blithewold&#39;s Bamboo Grove covers an area nearly the size of a tennis court, and is planted with Phyllostachys aureosulcata, the Yellow-groove bamboo, which grows to 10 m tall.</p><br>
<p>Blithewold has maintained contacts with the Arnold Arboretum ever since 1926, when staff botanists visited Blithewold to see the Chinese toon tree (Toona sinensis) in flower for what was believed to be the first time in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Grand Lake is Colorados largest and deepest natural lake. It is located in the headwaters of the Colorado River in Grand County, Colorado. On its north shore is located the historic and eponymous town of Grand Lake. The lake fills a glaciated valley that is dammed in part by glacial till from the Pinedale Glaciation, and is younger than about 12,000 years. Natural tributaries to the lake are the North Inlet and East Inlet, both of which flow out of Rocky Mountain National Park, which surrounds the lake on three sides: Grand Lake is located 1 mile from the Parks western entrance. Grand Lake was named Spirit Lake by the Ute Tribe because they believed the lake&#39;s cold waters to be the dwelling place of departed souls.</p><br>
<h2>Colorado-Big Thompson Project</h2><br>
<p>As part of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project,</p><br>
<p>Grand Lake forms a continuous body of water with the man-made reservoir Shadow Mountain Lake, which under natural conditions then flows into another man-made reservoir, Lake Granby. The elevation of Grand Lake is maintained between 8,367 feet (2,550 meters) and 8,366 feet (2,549.8 meters). When the Colorado-Big Thompson (C-BT) project is diverting water to northeastern Colorado, water collected in Lake Granby can be pumped back into Shadow Mountain where it flows backward into Grand Lake, then under Rocky Mountain National Park and the Continental Divide via the Alva B. Adams Tunnel to the Big Thompson River on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. From there, the water flows into the South Platte River and is used for agriculture, municipal, and industrial purposes. Diverted C-BT water provides hydroelectric power to five power stations on the eastern slope of the Colorado Rockies.</p><br>
<p>The C-BT is one of the first of many large-scale diversions of water from the Colorado River Basin between Colorado and the Gulf of California. Because the C-BT Project moves water from the Colorado Basin to the South Platte Basin, or, on a larger scale, from the Colorado River, which drains to the Gulf of California to the Mississippi River, which drains to the Gulf of Mexico, the project is considered a transbasin diversion.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral Church of St. Paul is the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. In 1824 its congregation formed as the first Episcopal and first Protestant church in Michigan Territory.</p><br>
<p>Designed by noted architect Ralph Adams Cram and constructed in 1907, this building is located at 4800 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, adjacent to the campus of Wayne State University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish of St. Paul was founded in 1824, by the Rev. Richard Fish Cadle, as the first Episcopal and the first Protestant congregation in the then Michigan Territory. The original site of St. Paul’s church was on Woodward Avenue, between Congress and Larned. In 1851 the church moved to the corner of Congress at Shelby.</p><br>
<p>The funeral service for Henry Ford, the entrepreneur who catalyzed development of the automobile industry in Detroit, was held at Cathedral Church of St. Paul on Thursday April 9, 1947. Mourners passed by at a rate of 5,000 each hour at the public viewing the day before at Greenfield Village in Dearborn. At the funeral service, 20,000 people stood outside the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in the rain with 600 inside, while the funeral had attracted national attention as an estimated seven million people mourned his death.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The current building, designed by renowned church architect Ralph Adams Cram, dates from 1907. It remains unfinished, the bell tower never having been completed. The church is built of limestone, using medieval construction techniques, with no supporting steel superstructure. The building boasts soaring, pointed arches, wide expanses of stained glass, and elaborate tracery, exemplary of Gothic architecture. It includes a large architectural installation of Pewabic Pottery. In 1912 it was designated as the cathedral of the diocese.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Cathedral is a fine example of the Late Gothic Revival, an architectural style popular in the early years of the 20th century. American architects of the mid-19th century imported and re-interpreted the English Gothic Revival style, based on the visually lush details of Medieval cathedrals. This was the period of the Oxford Movement in England, which also influenced Episcopal clergy and congregations in the United States to commission revivals of Medieval styles. American architects copied the "Gothic" elements and combined them with simple building plans to create an American architectural style known as "Victorian Gothic." The Fort Street Presbyterian Church, built in 1876 in Detroit, is a premier example of early Victorian Gothic architecture.</p><br>
<p>In contrast, in the early 20th century more American architects attended new schools at M.I.T. and Columbia, or traveled to France for training at the École des Beaux-Arts. These architects, including Ralph A. Cram, believed that Gothic architecture should be developed from, rather than simply copy, the architecture of Medieval churches. St. Pauls Cathedral is one of Crams major early projects, one that defines his "Late Gothic Revival" style.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>The current dean is the Very Reverend S. Scott Hunter, formerly Canon to the Ordinary of the Diocese of Michigan. The cathedral coordinates programming with the Detroit Cultural Center.</p><br>
<p>The R. A. Stranahan Arboretum 47 acres  is located at 4131 Tantara Drive, Toledo, Ohio, United States, about a 10-minute drive from the main campus of the University of Toledo. It contains 1,500 specimens of cultivated, mature trees from China, Serbia, Japan, and Norway, as well as North American varieties ranging from Bristlecone Pine to Buckeye.</p><br>
<p>The Arboretum site includes cultivated ornamental trees, rolling lawns, natural woods, ponds, wetlands and a restored prairie, all located within the "Oak Openings" sand dune region. About one-quarter of the Arboretum is covered by forest. The older forest has not been cleared for over 150 years and has oaks as the dominant tree. Peaks of old sand dunes are visible beneath its undergrowth. The newer forest is 50 years old, with has red maple as the dominant tree.</p><br>
<p>The Arboretum was donated to the University of Toledo in 1964 by the W. W. Knight family, in memory of Robert Stranahan.</p><br>
<p>Lake Albano  is a small volcanic crater lake in the Alban Hills of Lazio, at the foot of Monte Cavo, 20 km southeast of Rome. Castel Gandolfo, overlooking the lake, is the site of the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo.</p><br>
<p>In Roman times it was known as Albanus Lacus and lay not far from the ancient city of Alba Longa.</p><br>
<p>With a depth of about 170 m, Lake Albano is the deepest in Lazio. The lake is 3.5 km long by 2.3 km wide, and was formed by the overlapping union of two volcanic craters, an origin indicated by the ridge in its center, which rises to a height of 70 m. Plutarch reports that in 406BC the lake surged over the surrounding hills, despite there being no rain nor tributaries flowing into the lake to account for the rise in water level. The ensuing flood destroyed fields and vineyards before eventually pouring into the sea.</p><br>
<p>It is thought to have been caused by volcanic gases, trapped in sediment at the bottom of the lake and gradually building up until suddenly releasing, causing the water to overflow.</p><br>
<p>Around 395BC, during the wars between Rome and Veii, a discharge tunnel was built crossing the crater walls.</p><br>
<p>It served as an emissary whenever the water level overflowed its mouth.</p><br>
<p>According to Titus Livius, this feat of engineering was incited by the Oracle of Delphi: the Roman victory against Veii would be possible only when the lake waters were channeled and used for irrigation.</p><br>
<p>The emissary is at 293 meters over the sea level.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel (1200 m long, 1,20 m wide and 2 m high) ends at a spot called Le Mole, below Castel Gandolfo.</p><br>
<p>It hosted the canoeing and rowing events of the 1960 Summer Olympic Games that were held in Rome. The lane marking system developed for these events is commonly referred to as the Albano buoy system.</p><br>
<p>Castel Gandolfo.jpgView of the lake showing Castel Gandolfo</p><br>
<p>Willow Creek Pass, elevation 9,659 ft, is a mountain pass that crosses the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains of north central Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The pass encompasses the continental divide in the Rabbit Ears Range along the border between Jackson County (to the north) and Grand County (to the south). North of the pass, the Illinois River descends into North Park in the basin of the North Platte River. South of the pass, Willow Creek, for which the pass is named, descends southward to join the Colorado River near the town of Granby in Middle Park.</p><br>
<p>The pass is not an especially high one along the continental divide in Colorado, since the mountains separating North Park and Middle Park are relative low compared to nearby ranges. The approach from either side is mild and the pass is rarely closed in winter. The vicinity of the pass is sparsely populated, with no major communities in the vicinity. The pass is traversed by State Highway 125. The nearest commercial facilities are in the unincorporated community of Rand in Jackson County just north of the pass.</p><br>
<p>The Peirce Mill is a historic mill building located in Rock Creek Park, at Tilden Street and Beach Drive, Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Issac Peirce, a millwright, built the mill either in 1820 or 1829.</p><br>
<p>Peirce rebuilt this mill according to Oliver Evans&#39;s ideas for milling, with much of the automated machinery on the upper floors. During the 1860s, as many as 12 wagonloads of wheat arrived for grinding. It was possible to grind 70 bushels per day per set of millstones. The last commercial load was ground in 1897, when the main shaft broke, when Alcibiades P. White was grinding a load of rye. The building served as a public teahouse until the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The United States Government bought the mill as part of Rock Creek Park in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Peirce Mill was restored as a Public Works Administration project, completed in March 1936, at a cost of $26,614.</p><br>
<p>Operation began on October 27, 1936, under the supervision of miller Robert A. Little. The mill was used from December 1, 1936 until 1958 to provide flour for government cafeterias, whereupon because of lack of trained millwrights and lack of water in the millrace, it was used only as a historical site.</p><br>
<p>The mill was shut down in April, 1993. In 1997, a restoration effort was begun by the Friends of Peirce Mill (FOPM). The mill was restored with the support of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). The mill officially reopened in October, 2011. The NPS typically runs mill operation demonstrations on the 2nd and 4th Saturday of each month, April through October.</p><br>
<h2>Facts</h2><br>
<p>The mill has three pairs of millstones. The millstones are 4 1/2 feet across and weigh about 2,400 lbs, and rotate at about 125 rpm. About 60% of the power is used to turn the millstones, the rest for the remaining machinery. The Peirce family themselves were not millers and did not operate the mill, but instead had other millers do so.</p><br>
<h2>Pierce Mill vs. Peirce Mill</h2><br>
<p>There was a "Pierce" (note spelling) mill on the Potomac River, not to be confused with Peirce mill. The other mill (Pierce Mill) is listed in the NPS records and was near Fletcher&#39;s Boathouse.</p><br>
<p>The Jean Bonnet Tavern, also known as Old Forks Inn and Bonnet&#39;s Tavern, is an historic inn and restaurant located just outside Bedford, Pennsylvania on USA Highway 30, at the junction with Pennsylvania Route 31.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected by Robert Callender, a trader with the Native American tribes of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Callender acquired the land in 1762. The land and the building were purchased by Jean Bonnet in 1779 and opened as an inn, which was used as a gathering place by protesting local farmers during the 1794 Whiskey Rebellion, suppressed months later by forces under President George Washington.</p><br>
<p>Although the building has changed hands many times through the years, the Bonnett Family of West Virginia are the direct descendants of Jean Bonnet and trace their family history back nearly 400 years.</p><br>
<p>It is a 2 1/2 to 3 1/2-story, building measuring 40 feet by 51 feet and constructed of cut fieldstone. The walls are over two feet thick. The four interior levels have nearly 8,000 square feet. It features two levels of porches that extend the entire length of the front and the rear elevations. It is operated as a bed and breakfast tavern and gift shop.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Bonnets will can be found on ancestry.com. He left $21,000 to his daughter Rosina Bonnet Ankeny, wife of Captain Peter Ankeny. They used the funds to develop Somerset PA, on 250 acres left by Peters father Theobald "DeWalt" Ankeny. They are buried at Ankeny Square in Somerset.</p><br>
<p>Jordanelle Reservoir is a reservoir in Wasatch County, Utah, United States, just north of Heber City.</p><br>
<p>Jordanelle Reservoir is fed and drained primarily by the Provo River, and is impounded by the Jordanelle Dam, an Earthen dam. The construction of the dam resulted in the reroutings of USA Route 40 and USA Route 189 over the summit of nearby mountains and the submergence of the towns of Keetley and Hailstone.</p><br>
<h2>Jordanelle State Park</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the dam started on June 27, 1987 and was completed on April 12, 1993. Jordanelle State Park opened on June 29, 1995. Construction of the dam was challenged by several groups. Conservationists wanted to maintain the natural state of the Provo River. Because of this, a large area at the foot of the dam was converted into an artificial wetland. Other groups were concerned that the site was geologically flawed, citing the catastrophic failure of the Teton Dam in Idaho in 1976. Mining interests in nearby Park City were also concerned, fearing that the reservoir would flood sections of the Ontario silver mine.</p><br>
<p>During the summer months Jordanelle is a destination for triathletes and runners alike. Because of the State Park&#39;s rugged terrain on the Rock Cliff side, sponsors host sprint triathlons in addition to 10 km races and ultra marathons.</p><br>
<p>Trowlock Island is a residential island in the River Thames 450 m upstream of Teddington Lock on the non-tidal Kingston reach less than 10 metres from the northern bank, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Teddington Lock&#39;s Weir is a large structure on the same side of the river by Teddington Studios and the Lensbury Club, which is 450 m downstream. From the Thames Path crossing across the Lock in the north Ham is accessible. From the Teddington riverside by the island, stations of Hampton Wick and Teddington are 1.4 km and 1.9 km respectively by foot or road and therefore the centre of Hampton Wick is closer to the island than any other settlement.</p><br>
<p>Trowlock Island contains 29 bungalows in plots as well as the Royal Canoe Club&#39;s clubhouse and gym. Trowlock Island is about a third of a mile (535 metres) long with a path down the middle and houses on either side. Beyond the last house is a lightly wooded area with moorings on both the main river and the backwater. Access to the island is by way of a hand wound chain ferry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Like many islands in the Thames, the form of the island has changed over time, being shown as three separate islets on John Rocques map of 1746. The name derives from Trow, a type of barge averaging 50&ndash;60 tons. Harry Gibbs boat building firm was located on the island in 1910.</p><br>
<h2>Maintenance and facilities</h2><br>
<p>Trowlock Island Limited manages the shared infrastructure of the island and its board of directors is elected by the shareholders &mdash; each bungalow or plot of land carries with it a number of shares so that all houseowners plus the Royal Canoe Club collectively own the company. The Canoe Club has made a recent significant investment in providing new facilities for young people, including a new gym, boatsheds and training facility. Included in this re-development is a plan for encouraging bio-diversity, such as bats (pipistrelle and Daubenton&#39;s bat being the species most likely to be found in the area), water fowl and rare species of cultivated plants.</p><br>
<p>A short of a video of Trowlock island in summer, that takes a viewer around the island, is available.</p><br>
<p>The island, with surrounding water and banks of reach of the Thames are home to numerous species of wildlife; the following can be seen as nesting nearby:</p><br>
<p>The Kitzsteinhorn is a mountain in the High Tauern range of the Central Eastern Alps in Austria. It is part of the Glockner Group and reaches a height of 3,203 m AA. The Kitzsteinhorn glaciers are a popular ski area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located north of the Alpine crest within the municipal area of Kaprun, Salzburg. It was first climbed in 1828 by local mountaineer Johann Entacher.</p><br>
<p>Today the summit can be easily reached using the Glacier Aerial Tramway from the valley station at 911 m, including the highest cable car pylon in the world, being 113.6 m tall with a diameter of 2.2 m. There is a restaurant and a panoramic terrace on the roof of the upper station, at 3,029 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Ski area</h2><br>
<p>Skiing on Mt Kitzsteinhorn already began in the early 20th century, when the German and Austrian Alpine Club erected a mountain hut (Krefelder Hütte) in 1907-09. The first cable car was put into operation in December 1965, and opened up the Schmiedingerkees and Maurerkees glaciers, making it the first glacier ski slope in the Austrian Alps. Nevertheless, the resort has to deal with environmental impacts and the global retreat of glaciers since 1850.</p><br>
<p>An underground funicular railway was opened in 1974, after two and a half years of building works to create the 3,295 m long tunnel, to run in parallel with the cable car, for greater capacity. This funicular was the location of the Kaprun disaster in which 155 people died on 11 November 2000. To replace the funicular, Gletscherjet I (Glacier Jet I), a 24-person funitel, was brought into service on 23 December 2001. Gletscherjet II, a gondola lift, followed in the next year, opening on 19 October 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Huron Islands are a group of eight small, rocky islands in Lake Superior, located about three miles offshore from the mouth of the Huron River in northwestern Marquette County, Michigan. Together they comprise the Huron National Wildlife Refuge, which was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905. The Wildlife Refuge is also known as the Huron Islands Wilderness and is a unit of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge. The underwater area around the islands is part of the Huron Islands unit of the Marquette Underwater Preserve and several shipwrecks can be visited by divers.</p><br>
<p>Only one of the islands, known as Lighthouse Island or West Huron Island, is open to the public, and is accessible only by private boat for day use. This island is the site of the historic Huron Island Light, built in 1868. The lighthouse still operates, but is now fully automated.</p><br>
<p>There is a walking path from the boat landing site on the south end of the island to the lighthouse. The path continues beyond the lighthouse to the structures and cliffs on the far north end of the island. The entire path is just over 1/2 mile long. The path from the lighthouse to the north end of the island is quite rustic and is often overgrown with brush.</p><br>
<p>The larger islands are sparsely forested with pine and birch. The smaller islands are bare granite outcroppings, and home to a large colony of herring gulls. Bald eagles also nest here.</p><br>
<p>The Torres Islands are in the Torba Province of Vanuatu, the northernmost island group in the country. The chain of islands that make up this micro-archipelago straddle the broader cultural boundary that distinguishes Island Melanesia from several Polynesian outliers located in the neighbouring Solomon Islands. To the north is Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands, to the south Espiritu Santo, and to the southeast the Banks Islands. To the west, in the ocean, is the deep Torres Trench, the subduction zone between the Australian and Pacific Plates.</p><br>
<p>The seven islands in the Torres group, from north to south, are Hiw or Hiu (the largest), Metoma, Tegua, Ngwel (an uninhabited islet), Linua, Lo or Loh, and Toga. This chain stretches 42 km. The highest point of the chain is only 200 m above sea level. They are less rugged than the country&#39;s islands further south. Contrary to popular belief, only a few stretches of the Torres Islands&#39; coastline are graced with white sand beaches; in reality, much of the shore is composed of rocky coral uplift.</p><br>
<p>As of mid-2004, the Torres Islands sustained a total population of approximately 950 people, dispersed across at least ten settlements of various sizes, all of which are located on or near coastal areas. The names of these settlements are: Yögevigemëne (or Yögemëne for short), Tinemēvönyö, Yawe and Yakwane (on Hiw), Lotew (on Tegua; sometimes misspelled Lateu), Lungharegi, Telakwlakw and Rinuhe (on Lo), and Likwal and Litew (on Toga). A small airstrip on Linua opened in 1983 and provides the only regular transportation link with the rest of Vanuatu. Lungharegi is considered the administrative centre for the Torres Islands, but this role is very small. It has a community phone and medical clinic, but no bank or police station and only two barely stocked stores.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>One of the most important pre-European names by which this group of islands was known by its inhabitants and other neighbouring societies was Vava (or Vave), . However, sometime in the early nineteenth century the name Torres was given to the group by European cartographers in remembrance of the sixteenth-century navigator Luis Vaz de Torres, who briefly visited some of the islands of North and Central Vanuatu in April, May and June 1606, and whose name was also given to the important Torres Strait that separates mainland Australia from the island of New Guinea. Actually, Torres never saw or heard of the Torres Islands, though his commander, the Portuguese captain Fernandes de Queirós (serving the Spanish crown) sailed near the Torres Islands in search of the Santa Cruz Islands. Nevertheless, through its repeated appearance in European charts, the name of Torres eventually stuck and the islands have been known as such for almost two hundred years. Nowadays, the inhabitants of this archipelago have dropped the old name Vave, which is only recalled by a few elder people. They now designate their group of islands as ‘Torres’ – even though they ignore the story and meaning of this name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to the meagre archaeological data currently available regarding the prehistory of this group, the Torres Islands were probably first populated around 3200 years ago. There is abundant evidence (both archaeological and oral) that prior to contact with Europeans the settlement pattern of the Torres Islands was quite different from the coastal villages of today. Most villages and extended family areas (nakamals, or ‘gemël’) were apparently located on higher ground, away from the shore, and were inhabited by fewer people. Thus, the surface area of the islands would probably have been dotted with small clearings in the middle of which one could find a handful of households and ritual spaces.</p><br>
<p>Even if several European explorers reached the islands in the 19th century, they were quickly incorporated into the sphere of influence of the Melanesian Mission in the early 1880s. It was as a result of the pressure applied by the Mission that Torres people began to concentrate in coastal settlements, where they could be more easily accessed and controlled by outsiders. It was also at this time that a Torres islander, known today by his Christianised name of Adams Tuwia, was first taken to the Mission&#39;s headquarters on Norfolk Island, where he eventually became ordained a priest. However, the first Melanesian to be ever be ordained a priest was George Sarawia, from the neighbouring Banks Islands, where the Anglicans had set up their regional centre of operations. Importantly, as a result of this strategy the Mission&#39;s leadership decided to adopt the language of Mota Island (in the Banks) as the language of choice for translating and transmitting the word of God across the broader Banks, Torres and Temotu region. Thus, according to local accounts, the teaching of Mota in the Torres mission school continued up until the early 1970s, and for this reason it is still possible to find several elder Torres Islanders who are partly fluent in Mota.</p><br>
<p>Notwithstanding the presence of the Mission in the late nineteenth century, the first non-local missionary to actually reside in the Torres for an extended period only arrive in the opening decade of the 20th century. This was the Rev. Walter John Durrad, who lived on Tegua and then moved to Lo between the years 1905 and 1910. The first permanent mission station and church-house of the Torres Islands was originally established by Durrad on the south coast of Tegua, but was eventually moved to Vipaka, on the south west side of Lo, following an apparent rumour of incestuous behaviour by the high chief of Tegua, whose sin was judged to be too abhorrent for the sensitivity of the Mission&#39;s leadership. More importantly, during this time - between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth - the population of the Torres Islands suffered catastrophic decline as a combined result of the various epidemic diseases that were introduced by Europeans and the accelerated out-migration provoked by Blackbirding. According to vaguely worded Mission records located at the Diocese of Banks and Torres headquarters on Sola (Vanua Lava), at some time in the early 1930s the total population of the Torres group numbered no more than 56 persons. Hence, the subsequent recovery of the indigenous population of these islands, along with the continuity of linguistic and cultural values that they still exhibit, can be described as nothing less than remarkable. Despite the fact that they belonged to a broader regional complex of human and material exchanges that extended well into present-day Temotu province (in the Solomons), the Torres Islands eventually became part of the Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides in 1906, and were subsequently incorporated into the Republic of Vanuatu in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Like the rest of the country, the islands are in the Vanuatu rain forests ecoregion. The coconut crab (Birgus latro) is one of its most famous species. However, since the opening of the airstrip at Linua these animals became the single most important cash crop in the Torres group. To date, the sale of Birgus has been directly governed by the fluctuating demand of the tourist market in faraway Port Vila and, to a lesser degree, the provincial township of Luganville. Predictably, the high demand for crab resulted in a gradual but incremental decline in the Birgus population across North Vanuatu, and led to a visible depletion of this creature&#39;s numbers in the Torres group. Consequently, various concerned individuals and groups successfully pressured the local provincial government of SanMa (the province in which Luganville is located) to declare a temporary ban on the sale, purchase or consumption of crab in that province. This ban first took effect in the first semestre of 2004 and is intended to be lifted sometime in early 2008. In the meantime, exports of crab from the Banks and Torres Islands (i.e. TorBa Province) to Port Vila is regulated through a relatively inefficient scheme of "open" and "closed" seasons and intra-regional quotas.</p><br>
<h2>Languages</h2><br>
<p>Two closely related yet distinct languages are spoken in the Torres group: Hiw and Lo-Toga. Hiw is spoken by the population (about 280 people) of the sole island of Hiw. Lo-Toga is spoken on the southern parts of the Torres, essentially on the islands of Lo and Toga (about 580 people); it consists of two very close dialect varieties, Lo and Toga (note that Toga is sometimes used as a cover term for the two dialects). There is no mutual intelligibility between Hiw and Lo-Toga, but many Hiw speakers are bilingual.</p><br>
<p>Hiw and (Lo-)Toga belong to the East Vanuatu languages, a subgroup of the Oceanic family. As is the case for most unwritten languages of Vanuatu, no detailed description has ever been published yet on them. In 2004 the linguist Alexandre François undertook the first descriptive study of these two languages, which is currently in progress.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The islanders divide themselves ethnically into essentially two groups, matching their linguistic division.</p><br>
<p>The cultural differences existing within the Torres Is., at least in the perception of the islanders, essentially match language boundaries: that is, two groups are recognised — the &#39;people of Hiw&#39; vs the &#39;people of Toga&#39;; however, a secondary, less essential division is drawn between the two populations of Lo and Toga.</p><br>
<p>The islanders were first described in very general - and not always accurate - ethnographic terms by W. J. Durrad at the beginning of the twentieth century (fragments of Durrad&#39;s notes were eventually published in the 1940s), and have been the bailiwick of the anthropologist https://salul.wordpress.com/about/ Carlos Mondragón since 1999.</p><br>
<p>Today the inhabitants of the Torres Islands continue to follow to the same general patterns of subsistence agriculture and supplementary fishing activities that their ancestors did. In addition, key aspects of their ancestral knowledge and ritual cycles are still generally extant. These are dominated by two male-centred institutions, known as the hukwe (which is the equivalent of the suqe in the Banks IslandsSee p.234-235 of .) and the lēh-temēt. The hukwe constitutes the local complex of status-alteration rituals by which men are able to acquire greater status and power, while the lēh-temēt is the name given to a smaller group of men who have been initiated into specific types of ritual knowledge that are directly relevant to the manipulation of mana (generative potency or power) and, more specifically, to the relationship between the living and the dead. The most impressive and visible aspect of the activities of the initiates of the lēh-temēt are the manufacture and use of ritual headdresses known as temēt (primordial spirits) during special singing and dancing ceremonial rituals. In fact, the headdresses are known as temēt because they are considered to BE the temporary physical manifestations of temēt; hence, the use of headdresses is considered to be an extremely delicate operation, during which the possibility of spiritual pollution has to be closely monitored and controlled. It is partly for this reason that the headdresses are always destroyed immediately at the end of the ceremony. Notwithstanding the continuity of certain core customary practices, many important and profound changes have transformed the lives and worldviews of these people as a result of more than a century of contacts and interpenetration by the Anglican church, colonial administrators and traders, and, most recently, the postcolonial influence of the nation-state and the international world market - whose greatest direct manifestation is in the form of cash, independent travellers, sailing ships and luxury cruise liners which visit this island group every so often.</p><br>
<p>Craig Cerrig-gleisiad is a subsidiary summit of Fan Fawr in the Fforest Fawr section of the Brecon Beacons National Park, South Wales. It makes up half of the Craig Cerrig-gleisiad and Fan Frynych National Nature Reserve with its sister peak Fan Frynych.</p><br>
<p>The summit is marked by a pile of stones, and sits on the edge of steep north facing cliffs which provide one of the few habitats for Arctic–alpine plants this far south in the British Isles. To the south-west is Fan Llia.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The outstanding feature of the mountain is the L-shaped glacial cwm which faces to the northeast. Its modern form is considered to be the result of a complex history of both glacial action and rock-slope failure, a portion of the west wall having collapsed after the main part of the last ice age. Some of the debris was re-worked during the Loch Lomond Stadial and parts stretch as far as the A470 road. The rocks exposed in the main crag are Senni Beds of Devonian Old Red Sandstone, topped with Brownstones.</p><br>
<p>The ledges of the main crag to the south have been a favoured nesting site for peregrine falcons.</p><br>
<p>The Avas is a hill of volcanic origin in Miskolc, Hungary. Its top  is the highest point of Miskolc proper . On the top stands a TV tower with observation deck which is a former symbol of the city and provides a nice panorama.</p><br>
<p>The name of the hill is an archaic Hungarian word meaning "forbidden". It was named that at a time it was forbidden for shepherds to graze their herds there because the old wine cellars threatened with caving in.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century several prehistoric artefacts were found in the Avas, proving that a people belonging to the Neolithic Szeleta culture lived here. (The culture itself was named after Szeleta Cave, in Lillafüred, where many important archaeological finds were found.)</p><br>
<p>The limestone caves of Avas, that were once used by prehistoric men, the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill.</p><br>
<p>On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square, stands the Gothic Protestant Church of Avas, the oldest building of Miskolc proper (the other oldest building is the Castle of Diósgyőr) and its belfry (16th century.) There are also several wine cellars dug in sandstone nearby, in the so-called Kis-Avas ("Little Avas") district.</p><br>
<p>The TV tower is 72 meters high and was built in 1963. The previous tower was made of wood and was designed by Bálint Szeghalmi, who also designed the Wooden Church; it was destroyed by Soviet soldiers during the revolution in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South, is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-storey Socialist-style concrete blocks of flats providing homes for about one-third of the city&#39;s population. The district has five primary and four secondary schools, two post offices and a police station.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>* https://www.hellomiskolc.hu/portal_page.php?pageID=232&lv=1&sort=1&language=en The Avas on HelloMiskolc.hu (Official portal of Miskolc for the tourists)</p><br>
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<p>The Grauspitz  is a mountain in the Rätikon range of the Alps, located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. With an elevation of 2,599 metres above sea level, the Grauspitz is the highest mountain in Liechtenstein. It is also the highest summit of the Rätikon range west of the Schesaplana massif.</p><br>
<p>The mountain lies between the valleys of Lawenatal (municipality of Triesen) on the north and the Fläscher Tal (canton of Graubünden, municipality of Fläsch) on the south. Both sides of the Grauspitz are in the basin of the Rhine, which flows approximately seven kilometres west of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The easiest route to the summit ascends over the Hinter Grauspitz (Schwarzhorn), and along a class 3–4 razor ridge.</p><br>
<p>Lions Head is a mountain in Cape Town, South Africa, between Table Mountain and Signal Hill. Lions Head peaks at 669 m above sea level. The peak forms part of a dramatic backdrop to the city of Cape Town and is part of the Table Mountain National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding</h2><br>
<p>The suburbs of the city surround the peak and Signal Hill on almost all sides, but strict management by city authorities has kept development of housing off the higher ground. The area is significant to the Cape Malay community, who historically lived in the Bo-Kaap quarter close to Lion&#39;s Head.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of historic graves and shrines (kramats) of Malay leaders on the lower slopes and on Signal Hill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 17th century the peak was known as Leeuwen Kop (Lions Head) by the Dutch, and Signal Hill was known as Leeuwen Staart (Lions Tail), as the shape resembles a crouching lion or a sphinx. The English in the 17th Century called the peak Sugar Loaf.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Lion&#39;s Head is known for its views of both the city and the Atlantic Seaboard, and the hour-long walk to the top is particularly popular during full moon. Its slopes are also used as a launching point for paragliders. Sunrise hikes offer a unique perspective over Cape Town.</p><br>
<h2>Geology, flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The upper part of the peak consists of flat-lying Table Mountain sandstone and the lower slopes are formed by the Cape Granite and the Malmesbury formation, which are older Precambrian rocks.</p><br>
<p>Lion&#39;s Head is covered in fynbos (indigenous Cape vegetation), with an unusually rich biodiversity that supports a variety of small animals.</p><br>
<p>Three main vegetation types can be found in this relatively small area. All three of them are endemic to the city of Cape Town and can be found nowhere else. Most of Lions Head is covered in endangered Granite Fynbos, which fades into Peninsula Shale Renosterveld (critically endangered) on the lower slopes towards Signal Hill in the north. Right on the summit of Lions Head however, is a tiny patch of endangered Sandstone Fynbos, a different ecosystem that is also found nearby on the top of Table Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Meatpacking District is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan that runs roughly from West 14th Street south to Horatio Street, and from the Hudson River east to Hudson Street, although recently it is sometimes considered to have extended north to West 17th Street and east to Eighth Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-colonial</h3><br>
<p>A Native American trading station called "Sapohanikan" was on the riverbank, which, accounting for landfill, was located about where Gansevoort Street meets Washington Street today. The footpath that led from Sapohanikan inland to the east became the foundation for Gansevoort Street, which by accident or design aligns, within one degree, to the spring and autumnal equinoxes. In recognition of this history, petitions were made to call the 14th Street Park "Saphohanikan Park" although it appears no formal recognition was given.</p><br>
<h3>Initial development</h3><br>
<p>The earliest development of the area now known as the Meatpacking District came in the mid-19th century. Before that it was the location of Fort Gansevoort and of the upper extension of Greenwich Village, which had been a vacation spot until overtaken by the northward movement of New York City. The irregular street patterns in the area resulted from the clash of the Greenwich Village street system with that of the Commissioners&#39; Plan of 1811, which sought to impose a regular grid on the undeveloped part of Manhattan island.</p><br>
<p>Construction of residences in the neighborhood &ndash; primarily rowhouses and town houses, some of which were later converted into tenements &ndash; began around 1840, primarily in the Greek Revival style which was prominent at the time. By mid-century, with Fort Gansevoort replaced by freight yards of the Hudson River Railroad, a neighborhood developed which was part heavy industry and part residential &ndash; a pattern which was more typical of an earlier period in the city&#39;s history but which was becoming less usual, as industry and residences began to be isolated in their own districts. In the western portion of the neighborhood, heavy industry such as iron works and a terra cotta manufacturer could be found, while lighter industry such as carpentry and woodworking, lumber yards, paint works, granite works and a plaster mill blended into the residential area. At the time of the Civil War the part of the district west of Ninth Avenue and Greenwich Street and above 10th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making turpentine and camphene, a lamp fuel.</p><br>
<h3>After the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>When development began again after the war in the 1870s, the tenor of the neighborhood changed. Since it was no longer considered a desirable area to live in, construction of single-family residences was replaced with the building of multiple-family dwellings, and the continued internal industrialization increased. In addition an elevated railroad line had been constructed through the neighborhood along Ninth Avenue and Greenwich Street, completed in 1869. and by the 1920s what had been a neighborhood based on mixture of marketplaces became more tightly focused on meatpacking and related activities &ndash; although other industries continued to be located there, including cigar-making, transportation-related businesses such as automobile repair, express services and garages, import-export firms, marine supplies, cosmetics, printing and many others. After decades of debate, the High Line elevated freight line was authorized in 1929 as part of the "West Side Improvement Plan", and the New York Central Railroad completed construction, passing through the neighborhood, in 1934.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and resurgence</h3><br>
<p>The area&#39;s decline began around the 1960s as part of the general decline of the waterfront area. Containerization of freight; the advent of supermarkets which changed the distribution pattern for meat, dairy and produce from a locally or regionally based system to a more national one; and the development of frozen foods and refrigerated trucks to deliver them were all factors in this, but meatpacking continued to be the major activity in the neighborhood through the 1970s. At the same time a new "industry", nightclubs and other entertainment and leisure operations catering to a gay clientele began to spring up in the area.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, as the industrial activities in the area continued their downturn, it became known as a center for drug dealing and prostitution, particularly involving transsexuals. Concurrent with the rise in illicit sexual activity, the sparsely populated industrial area became the focus of the city&#39;s burgeoning BDSM subculture; over a dozen sex clubs &ndash; including such notable ones as The Anvil, The Manhole, the Mineshaft, and the heterosexual-friendly Hellfire Club &ndash; flourished in the area. Many of these establishments were under the direct control of the Mafia or subject to NYPD protection rackets. In 1985 The Mineshaft was forcibly shuttered by the city at the height of AIDS preventionism.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the late 1990s, the Meatpacking District went through a transformation. High-end boutiques catering to young professionals and hipsters opened, including Diane von Fürstenberg, Christian Louboutin, Alexander McQueen, Stella McCartney, Barbour, Rubin & Chapelle, Theory, Ed Hardy, Puma, Moschino, ADAM by Adam Lippes, and an Apple Store; restaurants such as Pastis—which closed in 2014—and 5 Ninth; and nightclubs such as Tenjune. In 2004, New York magazine called the Meatpacking District "New York’s most fashionable neighborhood".</p><br>
<p>A catalyst for even greater transformation of the area was the opening in June 2009 of the first segment of the High Line linear park. A former elevated freight railroad built under the aegis of Robert Moses, it opened to great reviews in the District (and in Chelsea to the north) as a greenway modeled after Paris&#39;s Promenade Plantée. Thirteen months earlier, the Whitney Museum of American Art had announced that it would build a second, Renzo Piano-designed home at 99 Gansevoort Street, just west of Washington Street and adjacent to the southernmost entrance to the High Line; and on May 1, 2015, the museum opened at this site. These were turning points in the changes experienced by the neighborhood over the first two decades of the 21st century, transforming it from a gritty manufacturing district into a bustling high-end retail, dining, and residential area, as documented by photographer Brian Rose in his 2014 book “Metamorphosis.”</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>By 2003, out of 250 twentieth-century slaughterhouses and packing plants in the area, only 35 remained.</p><br>
<p>In September 2003, after three years of lobbying by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation (GVSHP) and its Save Gansevoort Market Task Force of neighbors and allies, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) established the Gansevoort Market Historic District. The LPC granted only part of the groups request: the new district excluded the neighborhoods waterfront, and the restrictions associated with the designation did not apply to the 14-story luxury hotel (the Hotel Gansevoort) which opened in April 2004. In 2007 New York State Parks Commissioner Carol Ash approved adding the entire Meatpacking District, not just the city-designated Gansevoort Market Historic District, to the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. The district was listed on the National Register on May 30, 2007 with 140 buildings, two structures, and one other site included.</p><br>
<p>Since the historic district was designated, threats to the “sense of place” meant to be preserved have continued to crop up. In 2004, GVSHP led a successful fight against a 450-foot-high proposed tower at 848 Washington Street, just over the district’s border, which would have been permitted by a change in Department of Buildings policy. In 2009, developers proposed a glass-walled office tower and retail space for 437 West 13th Street that was larger than zoning allowed. GVSHP strongly opposed the project, as the sense of openness in the area would be diminished and the low-scale character of the neighborhood would be eroded. One visible traditional feature that still remains are streets paved with Belgian blocks, often referred to, erroneously, as "cobblestones".</p><br>
